Manuel d'utilisation / d'entretien du produit SS1-UM-1.05 du fabricant Delta
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SunScan Canopy Analy sis Sy stem User Manual SS1-UM-1.05.
Notices Copyright All rights reserv ed. Under the copyrig ht laws, this manual m ay not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of D elta-T Devices Lim ited. Under the law, copying includes translation into another languag e. Copyrig ht © 1996, Delta-T Devices Lim ited.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 6 How to u se the manua ls ..........................................................
4 • • • • Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Menus and Screens .................................................................................. 30 More Psion and file handling notes ......................................................... 33 Navig ating P sion d irector ies and scree ns .
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 5 Mainten ance and rep air ............................................................................ 64 Checking the batteries .............................................................................
6 • • • • Introduction Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Introduction How to use the manuals This manual tells you how to use y our SunScan Canopy Analy ser and its accessories. Some pag es in the Menus and Screens section are "Quick Gu ides" which summ arise the principal operating m odes of the SunScan.
SunScan Use r Manual v 1.05 Introduction • • • • 7 SunScan probe The light sensitive “w and” of the probe is 1 metre long , containing 64 photodiodes equally spaced along its length.
8 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Getting Started After unpacking the SunScan consignm ent and checking the contents against the packing list, you will w ant to know if ev erything is functioning correctly. A ll parts of the system are checked at our factory before despatch, so you should not anticipate trouble.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Getting Started • • • • 9 After some minutes of inactivity, the W orkabout screen will automatically blank itself to save power. Press On/Es c once more to restore the screen display. ♦ Now connect the SunScan probe to the RS232 port at the top of the Workabout.
10 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Installing the SunData s/w in y our PC In this section y ou will be told about the SunData s/w , and what you need to do to get it running on your PC. You w ill then use it to establish that your PC can comm unicate with the SunScan probe.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Getting Started • • • • 11 Running SunData The program you w ill run is SUNDATA.EX E (which was in the PC directory on the diskette). This will be a quick test just to obtain the opening SunData screens on your PC. From DOS ♦ Change to the directory on y our hard disk which holds the SUNDATA.
12 • • • • Getting Starte d Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Communication checks: SunScan probe to PC For this test you will need the SunScan probe, and the SunD ata PC s/w running in your PC to the stag e described above. ♦ Now connect the SunScan probe coiled cable to the COM port you have just specified, and press ↵ ↵ ↵ ↵ again.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Getting Started • • • • 13 Running SunData in Wi ndow s At this stage y ou may wish to install the SunData prog ram so that it runs from w ithin Windows. In Windows 3.11 The SunData diskette also contains SUNDATA.PIF and SUNDAT A.
14 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 SunScan Tutorial A bout this tutorial What you will learn This tutorial takes y ou step by step through the processes of setting up and taking readings with the SunScan probe, and then transferring the data files to a computer for analysis.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 15 Warning! If you were already in the Psion System Screen, you’ll see a message Exit System Screen? Press N , so that you stay in the System Screen.
16 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Using a PC instead of the Workabout Starting the PC sof tware Skip this section if y ou are using the Psion. Refer to the section in Getting Started for details on starting the PC v ersion of the SunData software.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 17 (This page is intentionally blank).
18 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Setting up a measurement session Working through the menu options In norm al use the SunData softw are calculates Leaf Area Index ( LA I ) based on readings from the SunScan probe and from the Beam Fraction Sensor (if fitted).
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 19 You will g o through these different com binations later in the tutorial, and there is also a route map in the Menus and Screens section. These settings can be stored as a Configuration .
20 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Taking readi ngs Using the Emulator mode You have now configured all the setting s necessary to start taking readings, including setti.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 21 ♦ Now Set the D isplay to PA R ( M enu, Settings, Display, Enter ) The procedure for taking, display ing and storing a reading stays .
22 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 This time y ou will see the value of the PAR reading from the probe. N ow is a good time to play around with the system a bit, shine a light on the probe, or tak e it outside and poke it into a few canopies.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 23 By now you may have accumulated quite a lot of readings in Data.PRN the default data file. There is no harm in this, but you may w ant to put further test results into new file, or maybe try out a .
24 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Averages SunData can calculate and store the averag e of all the samples in a plot, as well as retaining each actual reading . ♦ I n the Reading screen, use the ← ← ← ← → → → → arrow key s to highlight the A VERAGE option and press Enter .
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 25 ♦ Select Format CSV : Yes in the Rev iew dialog box or from the file itself ♦ Press Menu, Format CSV, Enter (or ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ +F ) This comm and in fact toggles between the formatted and unform atted states, and the terminolog y changes accordingly .
26 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 Navigating in the File Transfer box • The Tab key ( ➙ ➙ ➙ ➙❘ ❘❘ ❘ ) will mov e you from one <field> to the next, in sequence. Shift+Tab takes y ou back a step. • The <Dirs/Drives> area shows you other driv es that can be accessed.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 27 You will immediately get a "Sending" m essage showing the progress of the transfer until it is completed, after which you will be returned to the SunD ata program.
28 • • • • SunScan T utorial Document co de: SS1-UM -1.05 RS232 communication problems RS232 links betw een computers are notorious for g i ving difficulties, because there is no completely accepted international standard for them.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 SunScan T utorial • • • • 29 SunData Screens on the Workabout Note: these scr eens are only required if you are m easuring Leaf Area Index (LAI) , and y ou do not have a Beam F raction sensor attached to the probe.
30 • • • • Menus and Screens Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Menus and Screens The following table shows the m enu options and settings for the Psion Workabout. Menus for SunData PC software follow a similar lay out. File Data Storage Name ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 8 chars.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Men us and Screens • • • • 31 Setting s Titl es Title ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 40 chars. Title name is stored in the data file heading, and is displayed on the Title screen. (contd.) Group ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 40 chars. Name for a group of readings.
32 • • • • Menus and Screens Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Quit Ex it the SunData program.
SunScan User Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 33 More Psion and file handling notes Navigating Psion dir ectories and screens The Workabout User Guide At this stage y o.
34 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Psion subdirectory usage in file select dialogs In the Work about file selection dialogs, you are only presented with inform ation about the file name and the driv e it is on.
SunScan User Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 35 To copy to another subdirectory, y ou must add that information to the filenam e you choose. If y ou only put a subdirectory name in the filenam e field, then the Workabout will use the orig inal filename, but with the new subdirectory.
36 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 If y ou have other (non- data) files you want to keep, copy them to the internal drive, or to another Flashcard for te.
SunScan User Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 37 Defau lt .cfg Every time y ou exit the SunData program , the program state is stored in the file - Default.cfg . This configuration is restored when the SunData prog ram is next run, which m eans that you start ag ain exactly where y ou finished last time.
38 • • • • More Psion and file handling notes Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Displaying data files on y our PC As soon as you hav e transferred data files from the Work about to your PC (or hav e created them on a portable PC ) you will w ant to analyse and print them for your records.
SunScan User Manual v 1.05 More Psion and file handling notes • • • • 39 Data file layouts and data groups If y ou want to get a g ood idea of how the data files will look, you can run the PC SunData program in the emulator m ode. The general presentation of the results on screen will be sim ilar to that in the eventual data file.
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SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 41 Measurement options Experiment design This section discusses the factors that bear on the experimental objectives y ou wish to achieve.
42 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Canopy type and BFS practicalities Canopy ty pe is the next variable to be considered. As a general g uide, the above- canopy reference m easurements should be m ade close to, or above, the position of the SunScan probe.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 43 This means that in strong sun (high Beam Fraction) the canopy v olume sam pled is fairly sm all and well defined. As the Beam Fraction decreases, the volum e sampled increases, and has less well defined limits.
44 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 A dvice on Absorption and ELA DP values Absorption Absorption is the percentage of incident PAR that is absorbed by the leaf. Most leaves have Absorption values in the range 0.8 - 0.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 45 Estimatin g ELA DP in the field If the canopy shows a clear predominance of horiz ontal or vertical leaves, then choose a small v olume of the canopy that is representative. Count the number of leaves that are at m ore than 45° from the vertical (i.
46 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 SunScan Sy stem M easurement modes Workabout setup With your planned experim ents in mind, y ou should now know what m easurements you want to m ake, and what equipment y ou will need.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 47 The Autolog function You can set up the SunScan system to operate automatically in any of its modes, just as if you were pushing the read, store and average buttons at reg ular intervals.
48 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Battery and memory management When leaving the SunScan probe to Autolog ov er a few days, the m emory space on the Flashcard will .
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 49 Levelling is mo st critical when you are using the probe: • for the incident radiation above the canopy , and • when then direct solar beam is strong , and • when the sun is low in the sk y.
50 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Finding North, and set t i ng t he shade ri ng If you are taking measurements which require only the incident total radiation on the canopy, you can ignore the compass orientation of the BFS and you should set the shade ring horizontal so that it is not in use.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 51 PAR calibrations This section describes the basis for the light calibrations used in the SunScan system , and explains when and how you m i ght want to recalibrate the probe or restore its factory calibration.
52 • • • • Measu rement option s Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 You should not expect to have to do this very often. The photodiodes and light measurement circuits are very stable. The source of the apparent variability mentioned abov e is the not quite ideal cosine and spectral response of the sensors.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Measu rement option s • • • • 53 Environmental and moisture protection You should be aware of the different levels of protection of the com ponents of the SunScan system to avoid putting them at risk when working outdoors.
54 • • • • LA I theory Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 LA I theory In this section we shall explain as fully as we can how the SunScan computes its readings of leaf area index, and what the m ain limitations and prov isos are in interpreting these for real canopies.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 55 Equation fitting and inversion The results of the computer m odelling, while accurate, are not suitable for use in a field instrument.
56 • • • • LA I theory Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Beer's law for canopy absorption Beer's law occurs in m any situations where events happen at random. I n the case of light absorption by a canopy, it applies to the absorption of incident photons or light rays.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 57 The next section derives the transmission of light from a uniform overcast sky through a uniform infinite canopy of black leaves of constant LAI with an ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution. Let the sky have uniform brightness of 1 per steradian ov er the hemisphere.
58 • • • • LA I theory Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Diffuse light transmission (cosine corrected sensor) Modelling the canopy transmission Accounting for incom plete absorption of PAR by the canopy elements, and scattering of lig ht within the canopy is com plicated.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 59 In detail: • The canopy is divided into horiz ontal layers of LAI 0.1 • Direct beam absorption by each layer is calculated using Campbell's equation. I n calculating the am ount of absorbed light that is re-em itted, the total power in the direct beam has to be used (i.
60 • • • • LA I theory Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 Accuracy of LAI calculations When used to predict LAI from transm itted fraction, the functions used in the SunData software are accurate to within ±10% ±0.1 ov er the range of LAI less than 10 and Zenith Ang le less than 60° when comp ared to the output of the full model.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 61 This was again calculated num erically and curves fitted to the data with sim ilar accuracy as abov e.
62 • • • • LA I theory Document cod e: SS1-UM -1.05 The results were then analysed in term s of L a , the LAI of a canopy of black leaves that would give the sam e transmission as a canopy of LAI L assuming incomplete absorption, all other factors being equal.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 LA I theory • • • • 63 Daughty, Craig S T (1990). Direct measurements of canopy structure. Remote Sensing Reviews 1990 v ol 5(1) pp 45 - 60. Diffey B L (ed).(1989) Radiation Measurement in Photobiology . Academ ic Press.
64 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Technical Reference section Mai ntenance and r e pai r Checking the batt eries The SunScan system requires batteries within the probe and in the Workabout. The Beam Fraction sensor does not require batteries because it draws its power from the probe.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 65 Workabout battery management When you receiv e the Workabout, the installed battery pack may not be fully charged. Connect the Work about to the Docking unit and Charg er immediately , so that charging can proceed w hilst you are learning to use the SunScan.
66 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Checking the PAR calibration Various techniques for checking the SunScan sy stem PAR calibration and consistency are described in the Measurement Options, PA R calibration section, which you should refer to.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 67 Troubleshooti ng Psion Workabout There is no SunData Icon in the system screen. • From the Psion sy stem screen, select M enu, A pps, Install, Enter, T ab, and select Sundata.
68 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 “Insufficient power to write data” reported. • Recharge the N i-Cd battery pack, or replace it with a freshly charg ed Ni-C d pack or two AA A lkaline cells. When transferring files to a PC, data is transfer red, but there are repeated checksum or device IO errors.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 69 Technical Suppor t Distributor contact If y ou have a problem , please call your local distributor first. Direct Delta-T cont act You can contact SunScan Technical Support at Delta-T directly on: Tel: +44 (0)1638 742922 Fax: +44 (0)1638 743155 Email: fi42@ delta-t.
70 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 Specifications SunScan Probe type SS1 Active area 1000 x 13 mm wide. Sensor spacing 15.6 mm. Spectral response 400 - 700 nm (PAR) Measurement time 120 ms Max imum reading 2500 µ mol.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 71 Carrying Case type SCC1 Moulded plastic case with O-ring seal for moisture and dust proofing, including pressure release valv e. Outside dimensions 1.40 x 0.44 x 0.16 m W eight approx 8 kg Telescopic Tripod type BFT1 3-w ay head with quick release platform.
72 • • • • Techn ical Reference section Document code: SS1-UM -1.05 PA R Performance The graphs below show the actual spectral and cosine response curves for the SunScan system . Spectral response The spectral response curve shows that the SunScan response is alm ost entirely within the PAR wavelength band of 400 nm - 700 nm.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Techn ical Reference section • • • • 73 Cosine responses of probe and BFS The cosine response curves show a dim inishing response com pared to the ideal at high zenith ang les. For this reason, you should avoid taking m easurements when the sun is strong and near the horizon.
74 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 A ppendices A . Loggi ng the probe as a Linear Quantum Sensor This application of the SunScan probe turns it into a simple Line Quantum sensor that can be attached to a data logg er.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 75 B. Logging the Beam Fr acti on sensor You can log the Beam Fraction sensor in a similar m anner, using the (optional) special logg ing cable for it. Two outputs are available, corresponding to the T otal incident PAR and Diffuse PAR photodiode readings.
76 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 C. Upgrading the SunScan sy stem From tim e to time, new issues of the software program s in the SunScan system may be released and offered to existing custom ers. Brief notes follow for what is involv ed in installing them .
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 77 D. File tr ansfer betw een Workabout and PC Choice of different programs For the transfer of data files from the Work about to a PC, the SunData software that resides in the Workabout and on y our PC provides all you need, but it is specific for this purpose.
78 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 If PsiWin has difficulty establishing the link to the Workabout at any stage, powering down PsiWin and the Workabout and phy sically remaking the RS232 connections before running them again m ay clear the problem.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 79 ♦ From the Psion Sy stem Screen, press Menu, Disk, Directo ry, Enter . ♦ Press ← ← ← ← → → → → to select the Disk I nternal, (or any other Disks or drives). Note : the Workabout refers to its own drives as Internal and Disk A, B, C etc .
80 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 Example using RCOM On the Workabout: ♦ Exit from the SunData application on the Work about by pressing ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ +X . ♦ In the Sy stem Screen, press M enu, Spec, Remote Link , and press Enter .
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 A ppendices • • • • 81 E. A lternative file transfer mechanisms Sending a file to a Communication program You can send your files to a com munications prog ram such as Windows Terminal or ProCom m. H owever, if y ou do this there will be no error checking during the file transfer.
82 • • • • A ppendices Document code: SS 1-UM-1.05 F. Glossary Beam fraction - the fraction of the Total incident PAR in the Direct beam. Beam Fraction Sensor (BFS) - consists of two PAR sensors and a shade ring, used for measuring Direct and Diffuse light abov e the canopy.
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 • • • • 83 Local time - the tim e used in your particular time z one. It v aries from GMT by an amount depending on longitude, political boundaries, and any daylig ht saving tim e.
84 • • • • Index Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Index A About ........................................................................ 31 Absorption incom plete ................................................. 52, 56, 59 values .................
SunScan User M anual v 1.05 Index • • • • 85 H Hemis pherical respons e ....................................... 58, 80 Hot key s .............................................................. 19, 32 I Inversion.................................
86 • • • • Index Document code: S S1-UM-1.05 Transfer, file ............................................................. 30 Transmitted fraction.................................................. 81 Tripod Mount................................
Un point important après l'achat de l'appareil (ou même avant l'achat) est de lire le manuel d'utilisation. Nous devons le faire pour quelques raisons simples:
Si vous n'avez pas encore acheté Delta SS1-UM-1.05 c'est un bon moment pour vous familiariser avec les données de base sur le produit. Consulter d'abord les pages initiales du manuel d'utilisation, que vous trouverez ci-dessus. Vous devriez y trouver les données techniques les plus importants du Delta SS1-UM-1.05 - de cette manière, vous pouvez vérifier si l'équipement répond à vos besoins. Explorant les pages suivantes du manuel d'utilisation Delta SS1-UM-1.05, vous apprendrez toutes les caractéristiques du produit et des informations sur son fonctionnement. Les informations sur le Delta SS1-UM-1.05 va certainement vous aider à prendre une décision concernant l'achat.
Dans une situation où vous avez déjà le Delta SS1-UM-1.05, mais vous avez pas encore lu le manuel d'utilisation, vous devez le faire pour les raisons décrites ci-dessus,. Vous saurez alors si vous avez correctement utilisé les fonctions disponibles, et si vous avez commis des erreurs qui peuvent réduire la durée de vie du Delta SS1-UM-1.05.
Cependant, l'un des rôles les plus importants pour l'utilisateur joués par les manuels d'utilisateur est d'aider à résoudre les problèmes concernant le Delta SS1-UM-1.05. Presque toujours, vous y trouverez Troubleshooting, soit les pannes et les défaillances les plus fréquentes de l'apparei Delta SS1-UM-1.05 ainsi que les instructions sur la façon de les résoudre. Même si vous ne parvenez pas à résoudre le problème, le manuel d‘utilisation va vous montrer le chemin d'une nouvelle procédure – le contact avec le centre de service à la clientèle ou le service le plus proche.
