Manuel d'utilisation / d'entretien du produit WXR100 3CRWXR10095A du fabricant 3Com
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http://www.3com.com/ Part No. 10015081 Published June 2 006 Wir eless LAN Mobility System W ir eless LAN Switch Manager User’ s Guide WX4400 3CRWX440095A WX1200 3CRWX120695A WXR100 3CRWXR10095A.
3Com Corporati on 350 Campus Drive Marlborough, MA USA 01752-3064 Copyright © 2 006, 3Com Corporatio n. All rights reserved . No part of this documen tatio n may be repro duced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work (such as translation, transformation, or adaptation) without writt en permission fr om 3Com Cor poration.
C ONTENTS A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Conventions 9 Documentation 10 Documentation Comments 11 1 G ETTING S TARTED Hardwar e Requir ements for 3WXM Cl ient 13 Hardwar e Requir ements for 3WXM Services 14 Soft.
RF Auto-T uning 3 0 RF Auto-T uning with Modelling 30 RF Planning 31 Which Planning Method Should I Use? 31 Configuration 33 Wireless Configuration 34 AAA Security Configuration 36 System and Adminis .
4 U SING RF A UTO -T UNING What Is RF Auto-T uning? 95 Place Y our Equipment 96 Configure Initial WX Switch Connectivity 96 Upload the WX Switch Configurat ion into a 3WXM Netw ork Plan 96 Create a Se.
Calculate Optimal Power 146 Display Coverage 148 Generate a Wor k Order 149 Install the Equipment 151 What’ s Next? 151 7 M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK Deploy Y our Configurati on 153 Per.
A O BTAINING S UPPORT FOR YOUR P RODUCT Register Y our Pr oduct 191 Purchase V alue-Added Services 191 T roubleshoot Online 192 Access Software Downloads 192 T elephone T echnical S upport and Repair .
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A BOUT T HIS G UIDE This manual shows you ho w to plan , configure, deploy , an d manage a Mobility System wireless LAN (WL AN) using the 3Com Wireless LAN Switch Manager (3WXM) tool suite. Read this manual if you are a network administrator or a person responsible for managing a WLAN.
10 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE This manual uses the follo wi ng text and syntax conventions: Documentation The 3WXM documentation set includes the following documents. Wireless LAN Switch Manage r (3WXM) Release Notes These notes provide information about the system software release, including new features and bug fixes.
Documentation Comments 11 Wireless LAN Switch Ma nager Refere nce Manual This manual shows you how to plan , configure, deploy , and manage a Mobility System wireless LAN (WL AN) using the 3Com Wireless LAN Switch Manage r (3WXM).
12 A BOUT T HIS G UIDE Example: Wireless LAN Switch and Cont roller Configuration Guide Part number 730-9502- 0071, Revision B Page 25 Please note that we can only r esp ond to comments and questions about 3Com product documentation at this e-mail address.
G ETTING S TARTED This chapter contain s informat ion about recommended system requir ements you should meet for optimum 3WXM performance, installing 3WXM client and 3WXM Ser vices softwar e, and an introduction to using the 3WXM interface.
14 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED Ha rdw are Requirements for 3WXM Services T able 4 shows the min imum and r ecommended requir ements to run the 3WXM Services on a W indows platform.
Preparing for Installation 15 Preparing for Installation A licensed copy of 3WXM comes with a base license key . Before you install 3WXM, make sure you have the appropriate administrative privileges on the system.
16 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED Resource Allocation T able 5 co ntains general recommended guidelines for hardware requir ements and memory allocation based on the nu mber of radios and WX switches your server will support. A larger number of WX switches implies more connections and data pr ocessing, and consequently , more CPU is r equired.
Installing 3WXM 17 Installing 3WXM T o install the 3Com Wireless Switch Manager , follow the instructions below . The 3WXM install program installs ei ther just the 3WXM client, or both the 3WXM client and Services. There is no option to install the 3WXM Services only .
18 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED 4 Click the View button. The 3Com Wi r eless LAN Switch Manager (3WXM) information screen appears. 5 Click the Install b utton. The installation begins. During the inst allation, the 3Com W ireless Switch Manager installation wizard minimizes.
Installing 3WXM 19 The port number used by the mon itoring service must not be us ed by another applicat ion on the machine where the mo nitoring service is installed. If the port nu mber is used by another application, change the port number on th e monitoring servic e.
20 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED By default, a username and password are not r equir ed to access 3WXM Services from 3WXM client. Y ou can configure user accounts for administrative, pr ovisioning, and mo nitoring access. (S ee “3WXM Access Control” on page 21.
3WXM Interface 21 3WXM Access Control Y ou can create a user account with ad ministrator , provision, or monitor privileges. See T able 6 for basic privilege definitions.
22 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED Display the Main Window When you start 3WXM client and l og onto 3WXM Services, a network plan is displayed by the 3W XM client. (See Figur e 2 on page 23.) Organi zer panel disp lays a netwo rk tr ee r epr esenting your WLAN’ s devices and configurations on thos e devices.
3WXM Interface 23 Figure 2 Main 3WXM Window with Open Network Plan Using the T oolbar and Menu Bar The main 3WXM window has a toolbar that provides quick access to features. Y ou can use the Back and Forward buttons to cycle through your display selections.
24 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED Setting Pr efer ences Y ou can set network and user interface preferences, as well as prefer ences for save interval and autosave , certificate handling, RF monitoring, and logging. 1 Select To o l s > Prefer ences from the 3WXM main tool bar .
3WXM Interface 25 Y ou also can select a radio, in which case t he floor plan where the radio is located is displayed, with status for all MAPs on that floor . Getting Help Click Help from the Main menu bar to access dif ferent types of help: 1 Select Help > Help to displa y HTML help about conf iguring and usi ng 3WXM.
26 C HAPTER 1: G ETTING S TARTED.
P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IR ELESS N ETWORK WITH 3WXM This chapter contain s information about planning and man aging your wireless network with 3WXM. Planning your wir eless network is highly recommended because it not only helps you configure and deploy it, but also aids in scaling and monitoring your network.
28 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Which Services T o Provide? What is a service? : A service is a concept (not a selectable item in the 3WXM interface) that r epr esents a se t of options you configur e and deplo y on your wireless network.
Network Plan 29 Network Plan What is a network plan? : A network plan is the workspace in 3WXM you use to design a wir eless ne twork. Why is this importan t? : Y ou can better manage a nd visualize your network topology by creating a detailed and accurate network plan.
30 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM RF Auto-T uning with Modelling , as with the RF Auto-T uning technique, lets you set the auto tuning feature to adjust power and channel settings to provide RF sign als to the coverage area for your users.
RF Coverage Area 31 RF Planning T o do RF Planning, you provide detaile d information about your site and buildings by importing AutoCAD DXF™, AutoCAD DWG, JPEG, or GIF floor plan files of the buildings into 3WXM. As you import the floor plans, you can modify them to add or remo ve RF obstacles.
32 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Use the RF Auto-T uning with Modelling technique if you want to bet ter monitor your wireless network in terms of buildings, floo rs, or coverage areas.
Configuration 33 If RF Planning does not fit your requ irements now , you can always use the RF Planning technique in t he future when you have the need, the time, and the necessary floor plan s available. Y ou also can leverage the data in RF Auto-T uning and conver t these RF measurements to configured baseline values for planning.
34 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM This section contains infor mation about: “W ir eless Configuration” on page 34 “AAA Security Configuration” .
Configuration 35 Y ou must configure a radio pr ofile to set attributes that you can apply to multiple radios. Rather than conf iguring each radio individually , you create a radio profile and apply it to multiple radios that you select.
36 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM If the services ar e being used to advertise multiple wir eless service providers (WISP), such as T -Mobile TM , Wayport ® , and Bo ingo Wireless TM , then these services would probably be completely open.
Configuration 37 Figure 6 Authentication Flowchart for Netw ork Users last-resor t? web? none? Client associates with 3Com radio or requests access from wired authentication por t Use fallthru authentication Ye s No Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s No Ye s Ye s No No No No Client requests encr ypted SSID? Client 802.
38 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Authorization Authorization is the method for providing users with specific rights to the network by associating attribute-valu e (A V) pairs to the user . AAA authorization works by assemblin g a se t of attributes that describe what the user is authorized to pe rform.
Configuration 39 Y ou can create the following types of WX switches: WX4400—Provides four dual-interface gigabit Ethernet ports. Each port has a 1000BASE-TX copper in terface and a Gigabit interface converter (GBIC) slot for insert ion of a 1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX fiber -optic interface.
40 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Configure WX Switch Connection Information Y ou need to supply connection information for the WX switch on both the WX switch and in 3WXM when you make the WX a managed device.
Deployment 41 Deployment What is deployment? : Sending the WX configuration information in the 3WXM network plan to your WX switch. Purpose of this section : T o describe how changes are made to 3WXM and deployed to your net work. Why is this important? : T o understand best practices for sending and deploying configurations to your WX.
42 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Network Status 3WXM provides summary status on devices in the network at the Mobility Domain, switch or MAP level.
Management and Monitoring 43 RF neighborhood T ransmitters (heard by this radio) Listeners (who heard this radio) Neighbors BSSID to SSID mappin g Channel RSSI Statistics collected for the RF enviro nment provides data on a per -channel basis.
44 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM Rogue Detection A r ogue AP is an access point that is not authorized to oper ate in or near your network. Y ou can use RF counter measures to deny service to or from a targeted rogue AP , and render them inef fective.
Management and Monitoring 45 V erification Both configuration verification and ne twork verification rules are checked for any inconsistencies or pr oblems.
46 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM RF Plan Optimization What is optimization? : Importing RF measurement data into an RF model to improve the accuracy of the model. Purpose of this section : Provides an overview of optimization methods.
RF Plan Optimization 47 Based on RF measurement data you ga ther in 3WXM to optimize the RF model of a floor , you can make con figuration changes in the software to improve signal str ength a nd cove.
48 C HAPTER 2: P LANNING AND M ANAGING Y OUR W IRELESS N ETWO RK WITH 3WXM.
C ONFIGURING W IR ELESS S ERVICES What are Services? A service is a concept (not a selectable item in the 3WXM interface) that repr esents a set of options you conf igur e and d eploy on your wir eless network.
50 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Configure Employee Access Services Services for Employee access are typi cally configur ed to provide secure, encrypted access to the wireless network.
Configure Employee Access Services 51 “Configure RADIUS Servers” on page 56 1 Tool bar option: select Configuration. 2 Organizer panel : expand the WX switch.
52 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Step Summary The following list summarizes the fields selected or conf iguration items entered in the example that follows to configure Employee access: 1 Create a radio profile. From the Radio Pr ofile wizar d, enter RadioProfile1 as the name of the radio profile.
Configure Employee Access Services 53 Configure each user r ecor d with either the VLAN-Name attribute or the RADIUS T unnel-Private-Group-ID. Configure 802.1X authentication rules. 3 Configure the RADIUS server in 3WXM: From the Cr eate RADIUS wizar d, enter sg1 as the Name of the server , the server’ s IP address, and the Key .
54 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES In general, these same steps are requir ed to configure other services, too. Y ou can refer back to this section, using the summary list or the task tab.
Configure Employee Access Services 55 5 Enter the name of the radio profile, then click Next at t he bottom of the wizard. 6 If MAPs are alr eady configured, sele ct the radios to map to the radio profile, then click Move . 3WXM removes the radios fr om the radio profile they are in and places them in the new pr ofile.
56 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Configure RADIUS Servers Remote Authentication Dial-In User Se rvice (RADIUS) is a client-serve r security protocol that pr ovides authentication, authorization, and accounting for network users and device s.
Configure Employee Access Services 57 5 T ype the name, IP address, and key , then click Next . 3WXM suggests the name of a server group to place the server in. The server group is r equir ed because AAA rules refer to server gr oups, not to individual servers.
58 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Configure Attributes on the RADIUS Server T o authenticate users, you will need to configure users either in the local database or on RADIUS servers. T o configure services for Em ployee access, the following items should be configured on the RADIUS server .
Configure Employee Access Services 59 4 Configure each user r ecor d with authorization rules (username and password) and with either the Vlan-Name att ribute (3Com VSA) or the RADIUS T unnel-Private-Group-ID to assign users to VLANs. Other attributes are optional.
60 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 5 Click Next . 6 Change the service profile name to Secure-802.1X-Employees , and use Employees as the SSID, as shown in the figure on the next page. 7 Click Next . Select WP A and deselect Dynamic WEP .
Configure Employee Access Services 61 8 Click Next . TKIP is already selected. 9 Click Next . Leave Externa l RADIUS Server selected as the EAP T ype. 10 Select the RADIUS server group in th e Availa ble RADIUS Serv er Groups list and click Add . 11 Click Next .
62 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 13 Click Finish . The new service profile appe ars in the Content panel. View the Service Profile’ s Access Rules Every service pr ofile requir es access rules. The access rules specify the usernames or MAC addre sses that are allowed to acc ess the SSID.
Configure Employee Access Services 63 T o view an 802.1X service profile’ s access rule s 1 Select the service pr ofile in the Wireless Service Pr ofiles table (located in the Content panel). A Setup group appears in the T ask List panel. 2 In the T ask List pane l, select 802.
64 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES The 802.1X Service Profile wizards uses the ** userglob in the access rule. Y ou can use this rule, modify it, or delete it and create a new one.
Configure Employee Access Services 65 4 In the T ask List panel, select VLAN. The Create VLAN wizard is displayed. 5 Enter vlan-mkt as th e VLAN name and use the VLAN ID suggested by the wizard. 6 Click Next . Select the ports you want to use in the VLAN and click Add or Move .
66 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES What’ s Next? After you create Employee services, you can cr eate additional services. For information about configuri ng ad ditional services, r efer.
Configure Guest Access Services 67 Configure Guest Access Services Guest access is access for visitors at y our location and is typically clear (no encryption) .
68 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES “Create a User Group and Guest Users” on page 70 1 Tool bar option: select Configuration. 2 Organizer panel: expand the WX switch. 3 Expand AAA. 4 Click Local User Database. 5 Select User in the Task List.
Configure Guest Access Services 69 Step Summary The following list summarizes the fiel ds selected or configuration items entered configure Guest access. 1 Create a radio profile. From the Radio Pr ofile wizar d, enter RadioProfile1 as the Name of the radio profile.
70 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Choose the Ports or Distr ibuted MAPs to which you’ll restrict guest users to certain geographic areas of your network. Click Finish . For detailed information about the steps, see the cross-refer ences in the “T ask T able” on page 67.
Configure Guest Access Services 71 Leave the VLAN name unassigned. For Web Portal access, you specify the VLAN name when you configure the guest service profile. (See step 8 on page 75.) 6 Click Next . The wizard lists the authorization attribut es you can configure for the user .
72 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES T o create a user gr oup and add users to it 1 In the T ask List panel, select User Group. 2 T ype a name for the group in the name box and click Next . The wizard lists the authorization attribut es you can configure for the group.
Configure Guest Access Services 73 4 Click Finish . The new group appears in the Content panel. Create a Service Pr ofile for Guest Access with Web Login T o create a Web-Portal service profile 1 Select Configuration on the toolbar . 2 In the Organizer panel, expand the WX switch.
74 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 5 Click Next . 6 Change the service profile name to Web-Portal-Guests , and use the name Guests for the SSID.
Configure Guest Access Services 75 7 Select the SSID T ype: Clear —Data is n ot encrypted Encrypted —Data is encrypt ed For this example, Clear is selected. 8 Click Next . T ype or select the name of th e VLAN you want to place your guests users in.
76 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 10 Click Next . Select the location of th e user information and click Add : LOCAL—The switch’ s local database RADIUS server group—group of external RADIUS servers (For a server group to be available in the wizar d, the gr oup must already be configured.
Configure Guest Access Services 77 11 Click Next . The wizard shows the user names configur ed in the local database. The users created in “T o create users” on pag e 70 ar e listed.
78 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Also listed is a user named web-portal- ssid , wher e ssid is the W eb-Portal SSID name. This user is automatically created. The switch uses the web-portal- ss id username for users while they are in the portal and ar e being authenticated.
Configure Guest Access Services 79 View the Service Profile’ s Access Rules T o view a W eb-Portal s ervice pr ofile’ s access rules 1 Select the service pr ofile in the Wireless Service Pr ofiles table (located in the Content panel). A Setup group appears in the T ask List panel.
80 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 4 In the T ask List panel, select Mobility Profile. The Create Mobility Pr of iles wizar d appears. 5 In the Profile Name box, type the name of the Mobility Pr ofile. The name can be up to 16 alphanu meric characters, and it cannot contain tabs.
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 81 For information about deploying your configu ration and enabling monitoring your network, refer to: “Managing and Monitoring Y our Network” on page 153. Configure V oice over Wireless IP Service V oice over W ir eless IP (V oWIP) is a new technology , merging V oIP (V oice over IP) with 802.
82 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES T able 12 Creating a Service for V oWIP Access Ta s k Path Primary Parameters to Configure “Create a Radio Pr ofile” on page 54 1 Tool bar opti on: select Configuration. 2 Organizer panel: expand the WX switch.
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 83 Step Summary The following list summarizes the fiel ds selected or configuration items entered in the example that follows to configu r e V oWIP access: 1 Create a radio profile. From the Radio Pr ofile wizar d, enter RadioProfileV oic as the Name of the radi o pr ofile.
84 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Create a Radio Pr ofile for V oice This procedure is similar to the proc edure in “Create a Radio Profile” on page 54, bu t has additional steps to ch ange the delivery traffic indication map (DTIM) interval to 3.
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 85 The SpectraLink, Avaya, and V oce ra options configure service for proprietary V oWIP solutions from these vendors. If you are configuring V oWIP for devices that use the W i-Fi Multimedia (WMM) standard, or a proprietary solution other than one of the listed vendors’, use the Other option.
86 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 9 Click Next . Select WP A and de select Static WEP ..
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 87 10 Click Next . Leave TKIP enabled and click Ne xt . 11 Click Next . T ype a passphrase from 8 to 63 characters long in the Pre-shar ed Key box and click Generate .
88 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 12 Click Next . T ype or select the name of the VLAN you want to plac e voice users in. For this example , use voice-vlan . T yping the VLAN name h ere does no t actually configure the VLAN. T o configure a VLAN, see “Set Up VLANs on WX Switches” on page 64.
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 89 7 Leave SpectraLink selected in the V endor dr op-down list. 8 Click Next . Select Open Access an d deselect MAC Access. 9 Click Next . Select WP A and deselec t Static WEP . 10 Click Next . Leave TKIP enabled and click Ne xt .
90 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES Create a Service Profile for Avaya V oWIP Devices 1 Select Configuration on the too lbar . 2 In the Organizer panel, expand the WX switch. 3 Expand Wireless, then select W ir eless Services. 4 In the T ask List panel, se lect V oice Service Profile.
Configure Voice over Wireless IP Service 91 15 Click Next . Select RadioProfileV oic in the Radio Profiles list . 16 Click Finish . Create a Service Profile for V ocera V oWIP Devices 1 Select Configuration on the toolbar . 2 In the Organizer panel, expand the WX switch.
92 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES 11 Click Next . T ype o r select the name of the VLAN you want to place SVP users in. For this example , use voice-vlan . T yping the VLAN name h ere does no t actually configure the VLAN. T o configure a VLAN, see “Set Up VL ANs on WX Switches” on page 64.
What’s Next? 93 6 Click Next . Select the ports you want to use in the VLAN and click Add or Move . The Add button adds the ports to the new VLAN without r emoving them from any other VLANs. The Move button removes the ports fr om all other VLANs, and places them in the new VLAN.
94 C HAPTER 3: C ONFIGURING W IRELESS S ERVICES For information about deploying your configu ration and enabling monitoring your network, refer to: “Managing and Monitoring Y our Network” on page 153.
U SING RF A UTO -T UNING What Is RF Auto-T uning? RF Auto-T uning is a technique you ca n use to configure your RF (radio) network. RF Auto-T uning is a quick method that requir es minimal configuration and no RF planning or site surveys, and instead, relies on the AutoT une feature to set MA P channels and power settings.
96 C HAPTER 4: U SING RF A UTO -T UNING Place Y our Equipment Y ou will need to unpack and physical ly install your WX switches and MAPs. For inf ormation ab out instal ling your eq uipment, se e “Equipme nt Installation” on page 40.
Create a Service Profile 97 3WXM uses its verification rules to ch eck the switch’ s conf iguration. If an item in the configuratio n ge nerates an err or or warning, 3WXM displays the error or warning message.
98 C HAPTER 4: U SING RF A UTO -T UNING A wizard for configuring th e service profile appears. 6 Read the first page of the wizard and click Next . 7 Edit the service profile and type an SSID name. 8 Edit additional settings as applicable to the type of service profile you are creating.
Create Your MAPs 99 Create Y our MAPs Depending on how your MAPs are connected to a WX switch, you need to create a direct connect MAP or a distributed MAP in your network plan in 3WXM. A direct connect MAP is connected to the wir ed network through a direct 10/100 Ethernet connection to a WX switch.
100 C HAPTER 4: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G 8 Click Next . 9 Configure the radios: a T o enable the radio, select Enabled . b In the Radio Pr ofile list, select the profile to which the radio belongs. c In the Channel Number list, select the channel number for the radio .
Create Your MAPs 101 5 In the Fingerp rint box, type th e 16-digit he xadecimal numb er of the MAP’ s encryption fingerprint. Use either of the following formats: 11:22:33:44:55:66:77:88: 99:aa:bb:cc: dd:ee:ff:00 1122:3344:5566:7 788:99 aa:bbcc:ddee:f f00 A MAP’ s fingerprint is the hash value of the MAP’ s public encrypti on key .
102 C HAPTER 4: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G Apply a Radio Profile to Each Radio When you create a MAP , a new radio (or radios, depending upon the type of MAP cr eated) are added into 3WXM . The radios use the default radio profile in 3WXM unless you create a new radio profile and apply it to each radi o on the MAP .
U SING RF A UTO -T UNING WITH M ODELLING What Is RF Auto-T uning with Modelling? RF Auto-T uning with mo delling is a technique you can use to configure and implement your network that b uilds on the RF Auto-T uning method.
104 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING Add Site Information By addi ng minimal informati on about your bui ldings an d floors at your site, you support improved monito ring for your network. Y ou can manually add building and flo or information or you can import a floor .
Add Site Information 105 5 In the Starting Floor Level bo x, spec ify the floor number of the first floor in the building. T o start with a subterran ean floor , you can specify 0 or a negative floor nu mber . 6 In the Skip Floor Levels box, specify floor numbers you want to skip.
106 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING Insert RF Obstacles Add major RF obstacles that will affect the placement of your MAPs, such as solid walls, barriers , or el evator shafts. T o add RF obstacles 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel.
Insert RF Obstacles 10 7 A default attenuation factor is displayed fo r the object type, or , you can select an attenuation f actor that yo u believe mor e closely matches the RF obstacle. 6 Click Finish . The RF obstacle is added to you r floor layout.
108 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING Create Y our RF Coverage Ar ea T o create your RF cove rage area , you create a wiring close t (mandatory if you have dir ect MAPs in your plan), designat e an area for RF coverage, and add your distribu ted MAPs or direct MAP s to the coverage area.
Create Your RF Coverage Area 10 9 Create Y our RF Coverage Area T o create your RF coverage area 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel. 2 In the T ask List panel, click T ools . 3 In the Cr eate ar ea under Coverage Ar ea, click one of the icons and draw the RF coverage ar ea you want to add to the floor by clicking and dragging the mouse.
110 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING 5 In the Name box for each technology , type a name for the coverage ar ea (1 to 60 characters long, with no tabs). 6 In the Rate [Mb/s] list for each te chnology , select the average desired association rate for typical c lients in this coverage area.
Create Your RF Coverage Area 11 1 9 T o change the ceiling height, specify the new height in the Height of the Ceiling box. 10 T o change the heig ht wher e MAPs ar e mounted, specify the new mounting height in the MAP Placement Height box. 11 Click Next .
112 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING 12 T o change the def ault WX switch model, select the model fr om the WX Model list. 13 T o change the default MAP model, se lect the model from the Default AP Model list.
Create Your RF Coverage Area 11 3 17 T o change the MAP connection type fo r the r edundant co nnection, select Direct or Distributed from the MAP Connection T ype list. 18 T o change the number of redundant connections for the distributed connection type, type the number in the Redundancy Level box.
114 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING 23 In the Station Oversubscription Ratio li st, select the ratio for the average transmit behavior of the stations. The station oversubscription ratio is th e ratio of active clients compar ed to total clients.
Create Your RF Coverage Area 11 5 27 In the Active Handsets per AP list, sp ecify the number of voice ov er IP phones that you want each MAP to handle. 28 In the Expected Handset Count list, sp ecify the number of voice over IP phones you expect to be in the coverage area.
116 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING The profiles available depend on th e Mobility Domain you selected in step 31. The pr ofile you select applies to all radios associated with the coverage area. If you type the name of a radio profile that does not already exist, 3WXM cr eates it.
Create Your RF Coverage Area 11 7 5 Click the Associations tab to display area associations information for the coverag e ar ea. 6 In the Availabl e Access Points box, sele ct one or more available MAPs to use in the coverage area, then click Add to move the MAPs to the Current Access Points box.
118 C HAPTER 5: U SING RF A UTO -T UNIN G WITH M ODELLING 9 Click on the MAP icon, then click on the lo cation wher e you installed the MAP . The MAP icon moves from the Ob jects T o Place panel to its location on the floor .
U SING RF P LANNING What is RF Planning? RF Planning is a technique you can use to import detailed information about your site into 3WXM, add RF obstacle information and third-party APs, and configure your RF coverage area at a finer level than is possible using the RF Auto-T uning with modelling technique.
120 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING Prepar e the Floor Drawings If your floor drawings are contained in JPEG or GIF files, this step does not apply . Go directly to “Define Site Information” on pag e 121.
Define Site Information 121 After you import the file into 3WXM, you have the opportunity t o r emove any unnecessary objects overlooked during your init ial pr eparation of the floor drawings. T o do this, you can use the Clean Layout featur e and other editing tools in the Building wizard.
122 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 2 In the 3WXM Services Conne ction dialog box, enter the IP address of a host running 3WXM Services, opti onally enter a user name and password, and click Next . If the 3WXM Service is installed on the same machi ne as the one you are using to run 3WXM, enter 127.
Define Site Information 123 T o add site information 1 Select the RF Planning tool bar option. 2 In the Organizer panel, click the name of the network plan. 3 Select Create Site in the T ask List panel. T he Cr eate Site wizard, a series of dialog boxes, prompts you for information about the new site.
124 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING T o create a building 1 In the Organizer panel, click the site name. 2 Select Create Building in the T ask List panel.
Define Site Information 125 T o add a floor to the building 1 In the Organizer panel, click the building name. 2 Select Create Floor in the T ask Li st panel.
126 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING Import a Floor Plan Import existing floor plans into 3WXM. The file can be in one of the AutoCAD DXF , AutoCAD DWG, JPEG, or GIF formats. 3Com recommends that you modify the AutoCAD files fro m AutoCAD to remove unnecessary objects and layers ; then save them i n .
Define Site Information 127 Set the Scale Set the scale on your floor plan to better define the distance between objects in your netw ork. T o set the scale 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel. 2 Click on the toolbar . a Draw a line on the floor plan over an object whose length you know; for example, a 3-foot door .
128 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING Clean Layout Clean up your floor drawings further if unnecessary objects still r emain after you your init ial floor drawing cleanup. Note the following when cleaning up a drawing: Drawing cleanup does not apply to GIF or JPEG drawings .
Define Site Information 129 3 Click Next . Cleanup progr ess is displayed at the bottom of the wizard. 4 Y ou can display a Before Cleanup and After Cleanup view when cleanup is complete.
130 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 5 When you are satisfied with the results, click Fi nish ..
Model RF Obstacles 131 Model RF Obstacles When planning a 3Com network, you need to consider how the building layout and physical object s af fect si gnal loss. W alls, windows, and doors absorb RF signals, and differ ent building materials have differ ent attenuation facto rs.
132 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 3 Select Create RF Obstacles from the menu that is displayed. The Create RF Obstacle dialog box appears. 4 Define the RF obstacle. 5 Click Finish . The layer’ s objects are now obstacles in your floor plan. Import a Site Survey Y ou can import RF measurement data by means of a site survey done outside of 3WXM.
Plan RF Coverage 133 Plan RF Coverage How you plan the RF coverage for your network depends on whet her you are planning for the widest coverage or are planning for capacity .
134 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 5 In the Name box, type the name of the wiring closet (1 to 60 characters, with no tabs). 6 Click a WX switch in the A vailable Devices box, then click the Add button to move it to the Current Devices box. 7 Click Finish to save the changes.
Plan RF Coverage 135 When you draw a coverage area, it aligns to the grid to provide a whole number for width and height of the shape. T o create a coverage area 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel.
136 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 5 In the Name box for each technology , type a name for the coverage ar ea (1 to 60 characters long, with no tabs). 6 In the Rate [Mb/s] list for each te chnology , select the average desired association rate for typical c lients in this coverage area.
Plan RF Coverage 137 9 T o change the ceiling height, specify the new height in the Height of the Ceiling box. 10 T o change the heig ht wher e MAPs ar e mounted, specify the new mounting height in the MAP Placement Height box. 11 Click Next . The Default Device Settings p age appears.
138 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 12 T o change the def ault WX switch model, select the model fr om the WX Model list. 13 T o change the default MAP model, se lect the model from the Default AP Model list.
Plan RF Coverage 139 17 T o change the MAP connection type fo r the r edundant co nnection, select Direct or Distributed from the MAP Connection T ype list. 18 T o change the number of redundant connections for the distributed connection type, type the number in the Redundancy Level box.
140 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 24 In the Station Oversubscription Ratio li st, select the ratio for the average transmit behavior of the stations.
Plan RF Coverage 141 28 In the Active Handsets per AP list, sp ecify the number of voice ov er IP phones that you want each MAP to handle. 29 In the Expected Handset Count list, sp ecify the number of voice over IP phones you expect to be in the coverage area.
142 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 34 In the Wi ring Closet list, select the wiring closet that contains the WX switch or switches to be connected to the shared MAPs. If the MAPs will be dir ectly connected to WX switches, a wiring closet is requir ed.
Plan RF Coverage 143 T o determine the number and placement of MAPs 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel. 2 In the T ask List panel, click RF Planning .
144 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 7 Review the number of MAPs r equired for each coverage area, and the overriding criterion used (coverage or capacity). 8 Click Fi nish to apply the changes. Icons for the suggested MAP locations appear on the floor plan.
Plan RF Coverage 145 T o assign channels 1 Display the floor plan in the Content panel. 2 In the T ask List panel, click RF Planning . 3 Under RF Planning, click Assign Channels . The Channel Assignment wizard appears, showing the curr ent channel assignment constraints.
146 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 9 Review the results. The 802.11a channel assignments ar e listed on the 802.11a Radio(s) tab. The 802.11b/g channel assignments are listed on the 802.11b/g Radio(s) tab. 10 Click Finish to accept the channel assignments.
Plan RF Coverage 147 T o calculate optimal power 1 In the T ask List panel, click RF Planning . 2 Under RF Planning, click Compute Optimal Power . The Compute Power For wizard appears, showing a list of the ar eas you defined and the corresponding technology .
148 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING Display Coverage Looking at the RF coverage allows you to see if the entire ar ea is adequately covered by the M APs.
Generate a Work Order 149 If the coverage area pr ovided by a MAP on the floor above or below is one meter or less, 3WXM displays a message. This coverage ar ea is not displayed on the floor plan. Generate a Work Order Y ou can generate a work order as part of your wir eless network planning.
150 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING 4 Specify the work order options. 5 In the Language list, select English or German . The language you select is the langu age used when you next access this page. 6 T o select the directory to which th e work order report is saved, click Choose .
Install the Equipment 151 Install the Equipment After you print the work order fr om 3WXM, you can distribute it to your installers. The work order shows where to instal l the 3Com equipm ent. If you have specified third-party APs in the n etwork plan, those will be considered in the work or der , too.
152 C HAPTER 6: U SING RF P LANNING.
M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK This chapter provides information to help you deploy the services you configured for your wireless network, enable communication between a 3WXM client and 3WXM Services, a nd enable and configur e monitoring.
154 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK 3 Select one or mor e WX switches. T o select multiple switches, press Shift (for contiguous switches) or Control (for noncontiguous switches) while clicking. 4 In the Local Changes group in the T ask List panel, click Deploy .
Perform Basic Administrative Tasks 155 T o verify your deployment 1 Leave the Devices tool bar option selected. 2 Look in the Deploy Status column for the switch(es) to which you deployed configuration inform ation. The status should be Deploy Completed .
156 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK SSH—By default, SSH is enabled. Y ou can use SSH for encrypted access to the CLI. SNMP—By defa ult, SNMP is di sabled. Y ou can configur e SNMP community strings and User Security Model (USM) users, notification profiles, and notification targets.
Distributing System Images 157 Distributing System Images Y ou can use 3WXM to upgrade or downgrade the system ima ge (MSS software) on WX switc hes. System images include switch softwa re and MAP softwar e. Using the Image Repository Use the image repository to add or delete WX syst em images.
158 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK T o immediately install an image on WX switches 1 Select the Devices tool bar option. 2 At the bottom of the T ask List pa nel, select Device Operations. 3 In the Managed Devices list, select the WX switches onto which you want to install the image.
Importing and Exporting Switch Configuration Fil es 159 If you need to roll back configur ation changes, you can use a saved version to roll back the system software image and configuration files to a known state. Before you can save a version of a network plan, you need to deploy and save the network plan.
160 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK If you import a switch configuration, you must enable 3WXM management of the switch before you can deploy the switch to the network. (T o enable 3WXM manag ement of a switch, select the switch in the Organizer panel, sele ct Managed, then click Save .
Monitoring Exampl es 161 4 T o overwrite previously exporte d configuration files, select Overwrite Existing Files . If you do not select this option, you cannot export a configuration file with the same name as an existing file in the output directory .
162 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK 4 View statistics over a period of time. Placing the user on the watch list allows 3WXM to gather long-term statistics.
Monitoring Exampl es 163 4 Enter the type o f sear ch you want to perform, and select the scope for the searc h. 5 Click Next . The search r esults appear . Place User on W atch List If viewing the user’ s current activity does not conclusively indicate the source of the pr oblem, you can place the user on a watch list.
164 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK Y ou can also add a user to the watch list by clicking the Client Sessions tab in the Client Monitor view , sele cting the client, and clicking the icon on the toolbar .
Monitoring Exampl es 165 Display User Ac tivity Y ou can display the event types disp layed for the user . Disassociation events can occur , and users dropped from the network. These events can indicate the reason why access is ba rred or performance slow for the user .
166 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK Using this data, you can determine whether the user’ s problem is interference due to low bandwidth (Unicast Bytes in). 3 Select the T rend: Session Stats tab to display Operational Rate, SNR, and RSSI statistics.
Monitoring Exampl es 167 A high number of T ransmit Timeouts for either the Cu rr ent MAP or Lifetime of the user can indicate interference problems. 5 Select the Location History tab to view wher e the user has been r oaming. These statistics indicate whether in terference pr oblems ar e occurring in specific ar eas of the WLA N.
168 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK 4 Select the RF Environment tab. Statistics ar e displayed. High values for Noise can indicate a problem. Also, view the Utilization statistics. If utilization is very high, this could prevent new users from gaining access to the WLAN.
Monitoring Exampl es 169 Monitor a Rogue MAP radios automatically scan th e RF spectrum for other devices transmitting in the same sp ectrum. The RF scans discover other 3Com radios, as well as thir d-party , non-3Com transmitters. MSS considers the non-3Com transmitters to be potentia l rogues, and places them on a rogue list.
170 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK T o locate a rogue 1 Click on the Rogue Detection option in the main 3WXM tool bar . The current r ogue list is displayed. 2 View statistics on a single rogue. Select a rogue fr om the Filtered List, then select the Activity Log tab.
Monitoring Exampl es 171 Configuring Countermeasures Y ou can enable MSS to use countermeasures against rogues. Countermeasures consist of packets that inte rfer e with a client’ s ability to use the rogue.
172 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK 4 Select Radio Profiles . 5 In the T ask List panel, click on Create Radio Pr ofile . The Crea te Radio Profile wizar d appears. 6 In the Name box, type the name of th e radio pr ofile (1 to 16 characters, with no spaces or tabs), and click Next .
Monitoring Exampl es 173 7 Select the MAP radios on which you want to enable countermeasures from the A vailable Members column, and click Move to move the radios to the Current Members column. 8 Click Next . The Radio Profile Servic e Selection pa ge appears.
174 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK 12 T o enable countermeasures against r ogues detected by radios managed by this profile, select one of the following fr om the Countermeasures Mode pull-down list: None—Radios do not use countermeasures.
Monitoring Exampl es 175 13 T o disable active scanning for rogue devices, deselect Enable Active Scan. When active scan is enabled, radios send probe any requests (probe requests with a null SSID name), to solicit pr obe r esponses from other access points.
176 C HAPTER 7: M ANAGING AND M ONITORING Y OUR N ETWORK.
O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN Optimizing your network is a post- deployment tec hnique. Y ou can optimize your WLAN by importing RF measurement data to corr ect RF attenuatio n obstacle informat ion in your network plan.
178 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN The following sections describe ho w to import RF measurements from your network, or how to import RF measurements from an Ekahau site survey .
Using RF Measurements fro m an Ekahau Site Survey 179 Using RF Measur ements from an Ekahau Site Survey RF measurements come from a site su rvey file generated by the Ekahau Site Survey tool. T o perform a site survey: In 3WXM—View your RF coverage area.
180 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN Generating an Ekahau Site Survey Wor k Ord er The site survey order contains the locations and MAC addresses of the MAPs for use when conducting a site survey , and also provides a JPEG image of the floor .
Using RF Measurements fro m an Ekahau Site Survey 181 4 Select the scope for which you want generate a site survey order . Y ou can specify the Network Plan, an individual site, an individual buildi ng, or an individual floor .
182 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN 10 Browse to the output directory and locate the JPEG file. Copy this file an d import it into your Ekahau Site Survey tool.
Using RF Measurements fro m an Ekahau Site Survey 183 Importing RF Measurements fr om the Ekahau Site Survey After you complete the site survey , you import the csv file containing the RF measur ements fr om the Ekahau Si te Survey tool into your network plan.
184 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN 8 Click Next . The import progress is displayed. When the import is done, check the T otal valid RF measurements found line in the progr ess messages. If the number is greater than 0, 3WXM successfully imported measurem ents.
Optimizing the RF Coverage Model 185 After you import your RF measurem ents, you correct the attenuation factors for the floor . Go to “Optimizing the R F Coverage Model” next for information about this topic. Optimizing the RF Coverage Model An attenuation library is a set of a ttenuation values for the RF obstacles on a floor .
186 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN The T otal number of RF measurements that did not intersect any object line lists the number of measur em ents that d id not experience attenuation due to an RF obstacle in the path between them.
Locating and Fix ing Coverage Holes 187 Locating and Fixing Coverage Holes After you import RF measurements and rebuild the attenuation librar y , you can look for coverage holes by displaying coverage. T o locate coverage holes: Display the optimized RF coverage area to vi ew the r esults of the corrected attenuation data.
188 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN 6 On the to olbar , click the radi o type ( A, B, or G) for whic h you want to display coverage. Coverage for the selected scope(s) is displayed. This examp le shows 802.11a coverage, by transmit data ra te, for the coverage area CoverA.
Locating and Fix ing Coverage Holes 189 Fixing a Coverage Hole After you import RF measurements, rebuild the attenuation library , and display coverage, you can observe an y wireless coverage holes in the network.
190 C HAPTER 8: O PTIMIZING A N ETWORK P LAN 8 In the Organizer panel, click on Objects to Place . A list of the MAPs you created is displayed in the panel. 9 Click on the MAP icon, then click on th e location wher e you installed the MAP . The MAP icon moves from the Ob jects T o Place panel to its location on the floor .
A O BTAINING S UPPORT FOR YOUR P R ODUCT Register Y our Product W arranty and other service benefits start from the date of purchase, so it is important to register your product quickly to ensure you get full use of the warranty and other service benefits available to you.
192 C HAPTER A: O BTAINING S UPPORT FOR YOUR P RODUCT T roubleshoot Online Y ou will find support tools posted on the 3Com web site at http://www.3com.com/ 3Com Knowledgebase helps you troubleshoot 3Com products. This query-based interactive tool is located at http://knowledgebase.
Contact Us 193 T o send a product directly to 3Com for repair , you must first obtain a return authorization number (RMA). Pr oducts sent to 3Com, without authorization numbers clearly marked on the outside of the package, will be returned to the sender unopened, at the sender’ s expense.
194 C HAPTER A: O BTAINING S UPPORT FOR YOUR P RODUCT From the following countries, you may use the numbers s hown: Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Israel Italy 01 7956 .
I NDEX Numbers 3WXM software r equir ements 14 3WXM client 16 connecting to 3WXM monito ring service 18 ha rdwa re re qui rem ent s 13 installing 17 installing, resource allocation 16 installing, stan.
196 I NDEX HTTPS, enabling 156 I image files distributing 157 image repository adding image 157 deleting image 157 using 157 importing floor plans 126 importing configurations 159 installa tion softwa.
I NDEX 197 RADIUS attributes 3Com specific 58 VSAs 58 RADIUS servers configuring 56 rep ort in g overview 45 types of reports 45 RF Auto-T uning configuring, initial WX switch c onnectivity 96 definin.
198 I NDEX locating 164 monitoring groups 167 placing on a watch list 163 viewing long-term statistics 165 V vendor -specific attributes. Se e VSAs (vendor -specific attributes) verification rogue cou.
Un point important après l'achat de l'appareil (ou même avant l'achat) est de lire le manuel d'utilisation. Nous devons le faire pour quelques raisons simples:
Si vous n'avez pas encore acheté 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A c'est un bon moment pour vous familiariser avec les données de base sur le produit. Consulter d'abord les pages initiales du manuel d'utilisation, que vous trouverez ci-dessus. Vous devriez y trouver les données techniques les plus importants du 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A - de cette manière, vous pouvez vérifier si l'équipement répond à vos besoins. Explorant les pages suivantes du manuel d'utilisation 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A, vous apprendrez toutes les caractéristiques du produit et des informations sur son fonctionnement. Les informations sur le 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A va certainement vous aider à prendre une décision concernant l'achat.
Dans une situation où vous avez déjà le 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A, mais vous avez pas encore lu le manuel d'utilisation, vous devez le faire pour les raisons décrites ci-dessus,. Vous saurez alors si vous avez correctement utilisé les fonctions disponibles, et si vous avez commis des erreurs qui peuvent réduire la durée de vie du 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A.
Cependant, l'un des rôles les plus importants pour l'utilisateur joués par les manuels d'utilisateur est d'aider à résoudre les problèmes concernant le 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A. Presque toujours, vous y trouverez Troubleshooting, soit les pannes et les défaillances les plus fréquentes de l'apparei 3Com WXR100 3CRWXR10095A ainsi que les instructions sur la façon de les résoudre. Même si vous ne parvenez pas à résoudre le problème, le manuel d‘utilisation va vous montrer le chemin d'une nouvelle procédure – le contact avec le centre de service à la clientèle ou le service le plus proche.
