Manuel d'utilisation / d'entretien du produit VIP-880 Series du fabricant Planet Technology
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4/8-Port H.3 23/SIP VoIP Gatew ay VIP-480/VIP -880 Series User’s manual.
2 Copyright Copyright (C) 2006 PLANET T echnology Corp. All rights reserv ed. The products and programs described in this User ’s Manual are licensed products of PLANET T echn ology , This User ’s.
3 Revision User ’s Manual for PLANET 4/8-Port H.323/SIP V oIP Gateway: Model: VIP-480/VIP-480FS/ VI P-480FO/VIP-880/VIP-882/VIP-880 FO Rev: 10 (September, 2006) Part No.
4 T A BLE OF CONT ENTS Cha pter 1 Intro du ctio n ......................................................................... 6 Overview ....................................................................................................................
5 Access Control .......................................................................................................... 49 Set T o Default Configuration.................................................................................... 49 Backup/Restore Configuration to a File .
6 Chapter 1 Introduction Overview W ith y ears of Inter net telephon y and router m anufacturing exp erience, PL ANET proudl y introduces the newest mem ber of the PLANET VoIP gatewa y family: the VIP-4 80/VIP-880 ser ies. The PLANET VoIP Gateway is f ully both SIP and H.
7 There are m odels for VIP-480/V IP-880 and there are: 4-port m odel, VIP-48nxx: VIP-480 equips two FX O and two F XS interfaces to have the great f lexibilit y of PBX connection (FXO) , and telephone or F AX mac hine connection (FXS) . VIP-480FS equi ps four FXS interf aces telephone s et or F AX machine connec tions (FX S).
8 VoIP Functions • H.323 / SIP dua l mode comm unication • SIP 2.0 (RFC32 61), H.323v 4 compliant • Peer-to-Peer / H .323 GK / SIP proxy calls • Voice codec su pport: G.711( A-law / -law), G.7 29 AB, G.723 ( 6.3 Kbps / 5.3Kb ps) • Voice processing: Voice Active Detec tion, DTMF detection, G.
9 Front Panel of VI P-480FO Rear Panel of VI P-480 Rear Panel of VI P-480FS Rear Panel of VI P-480FO Front Panel of VI P-880 Front Panel of VI P-882 Front Panel of VI P-880FO.
10 Rear Panel of VI P-880 Rear Panel of VI P-882 Rear Panel of VI P-880FO Front Panel LED Indicators & Rear Panels Front Panel LED St ate Descriptions PWR On Off GW is power ON GW is power Off CPU.
1 1 NOTE : S ystem initialization will turn som e LEDs ON for a f ew seconds. Rear Panel Descriptions W A N The WAN port supports auto negotiat ing Fast Ethern et 10/100Base-T networks . This port a llows your voice gat eway to be co nnected to an Internet Access device, e.
Chapter 2 Prep arat ions & Inst allation Physical Inst a llation Requirement This chapter i llustrates basi c installation of VIP-480/VIP-880 s eries • Network c ables. Use standar d 10/100BaseT net work (UT P) cables with RJ45 c onnectors. • TCP/IP protocol m ust be in stalled on all PCs.
13 LAN/WAN Interface quick configurations Nature of PLAN ET VIP-480/VIP-880 is an IP Sharing (NA T ) device, it com es with two default IP addresses, a nd default LAN s ide IP address is “ 192.1 68.0.1 ”, default WAN side IP address is “ 172.16.
14 Parameter Descri ption IP address LAN IP address of VIP-4 80/VIP-880 Default: 192.16 8.0.1 Subnet Mask LAN IP address of VIP-4 80/VIP-880 Default: 255.25 5.255.0 After confirming the m odification you’ve done, P lease click on the Apply button to m acke the changes effective, and click “ Save Configura tion” to save configuration.
15 Chapter 3 Network Service Configu rations Configuring and monitoring yo ur V oIP Gate w ay from w eb bro w ser The VIP-480/ VIP-880 integr ates a web-base d graphical user interface that ca n cover mos t configurations a nd machine s tatus monitoring.
16 VIP-480/VIP-880 main page Wizard Setu p for Quick S t a rt Wizard Setup After finishing the authe ntication, the M ain menu will display 3 parts of configuratio n, please click “ Wizard Setup ” to ent er quick start: 1. W A N Port Type Setup (Setup First) For m ost users, Internet ac cess is the prim ary application.
17 ADSL Dial-Up User (P PPoE Enable) Some ISPs provide DSL-bas ed service and use PPPoE to esta blish comm unication link with end-users. If you are connecte d to the Internet through a DSL line, check with y our ISP to see if th ey use P PPoE. If they do, you nee d to select this i tem.
18 2. Configuring NAT or Bridge setting: Bridge M ode: W hen working on Bride Mode, the V oIP gateway will use only the LAN setting IP , The V oIP gateway will use the sam e LAN IP setting as WAN IP . That means, when Bride mode en able, the WAN connection setting will be ig nored.
19 STEP2 : configur e the num bering with phone/line po rt s. Phone Numbe r The representation num ber is the ph one number of the telephone that is connected to P hone port Line Number Line ports are connec ted to the ex tension ports of the PBX system or the PSTN line.
20 In the “Out going Dial Pla n” settings: “ Leading Number ” is the leading d igits of the dialing n umber . “ Min Leng th ” and “ Max Le ngth ” is the m in/max allowed length yo u can d ial. “ Strip Length ” is the num ber of digits that will be stripped fr om beginning of the dialed number .
21 Chapter 4 System Configurations Advance Setup of Network Setup In Advanced Setup, GW provides user tw o major parts function to c onfigure: One is “ Netw ork Setup ”, th e other one is “ V oIP Call Setup ” Netwo rk Setup Label W A N Sett ing Sets/changes the WAN port T y pe like “F ixed IP”, “DHC P Client” or ”PP PoE”.
22 the following se tup page will be sho wn.Three m ethods are availabl e for Internet Access . Static IP Y o u are a leased line user with a fixed IP address ; fill out the following item s with the information pro vided by your ISP .
23 DHCP Client (Dynami c IP): (get WA N IP address auto matically) IP Address: If you are co nnected to the Intern et through a Ca ble modem line the n a d ynam ic IP address will be assigned. LAN Setting There are t wo kinds of net work feature to co nfigure: Bridge Mode and N A T Mode Bridge M ode: Select this Gate way as Brid ge.
24 DHCP Serv er Configuration DHCP stands f or Dynam ic Host Configurat ion Protocol. It can automaticall y dispatch relat ed IP settings to an y local user conf igured as a DHCP client. T he DHCP server sup ports up to 253 users (PCs) on Yes: Enables the DHCP s erver.
25 Public Port Specifies which port should be redirected to the internal host. Private IP Specifies the private IP addr ess of the internal host offering the service. Private Port Specifies t he private port num ber of the service of fered by the internal host.
26 User Name Input your DDN S User Na me Passwo rd Input your DDN S Password Domain Name Input you set from your DDNS DNS Server I P Input your DN S Server IP Netwrok Management Network Param eter allows you to modif y the access por t of gateway.
27 Advance Setup of V oIP Setup In Advanced Setup, GW provides user tw o major parts function to c onfigure: One is “ Netw ork Setup ”, th e other one is “ V oIP Call Setup ” V oIP Setup Label V oIP Basic The S Series Gat eway support 4 / 8 phone/line f or SIP and H.
28 VoIP Basic Configuration to H.323 protocol VoIP Basic Co nfiguration: ( Configure the Vo IP protocol to H .323 Protoco l) Configure the num bering wi th FXS / FXO ports. (D epending on m odel) FXS Number: The repres entation num ber is the pho ne num ber of the telephone that is conne cted to FXS port.
29 H.323 Paramet ers Label H.323 ID Sets the unique nam e of this Gate way , that is comm unicated as part of H.323 m essaging. Primary Gatek eeper IP Address Secondary Gat ekeeper IP Address There are t wo gatekeeper address fields, one is pr imary , the other seco ndary .
30 H.323 Call Pass th rough N A T H.323 ID Sets the unique nam e of this Gate way , that is comm unicated as part of H.323 m essaging. H.323 Pass T hrough N A T method 1. Disable : The Gate way operates in pu blic IP address 2. A uto Detection: W hen the Gat eway register to GNU Gatekeeper , please select t his option.
31 Example1: No rmally Dial 001x leading c all out, call t o Destination IP address : 172.16.0.100 002x leading c all out, call t o Destination Dom ain Nam e: h323gw .test.com Example2: Speed Di al If user dial “101”, Gatewa y automatically dials “1234567890” to Des tination IP address: 17 2.
32 If Port 1 and 2 ar e busy , Po rt 3 will be ringing . If Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3 are bus y , Port 4 wil l be ringing. Note: “123” will be register to H.323 Gatekeeper if “Register to GK” was enabled, show as below: Example2: Hunt ing for FX O Port Port 1: FXO was connected to P STN.
33 Example3: T ermination Call to FXO fo r One-Shoo t Call Port 1: FXO was connected to P STN (area cod e is 81xx xxxxxx). H.323 leading number “081x”incom ing, and delete the first one digit “0”, and call to PSTN num ber . Note : “081x” will be registered t o H.
34 A d vance Setting to H.323 protocol In Advanced Setting , GW provides user three maj or p arts function to conf igure: One is “ V oIP A dvance ”, th e other one is “ T elephone A dvance ” and “ Netw ork A dvance ” H.
35 F A X M ode Option T .30/ T .38 real-time F AX compliant V oice/F AX auto-switch. The T .38 is a “Real Ti me Group 3 Fax Comm unication over IP net work” form at. T hat’s m eaning it’ s a protocol for Fax over IP . Y ou have to enable this f unction.
36 Ring Frequenc y Y o u can conf igure how lo ng the Ring Freque ncy do you want to use. FXO Battery Rev erse Enable batter y reverse to d etect polarity from PSTN line. The PSTN line c an send H. 323 case: Send ing the Q.931 connect signa l to caller when d etecting polarit y reverse from PSTN Line.
37 3. Non A nswer M ode: FXO will NOT answer the call in any time. ( Note: Som e ITSP only let the FXO f or termination function, the y do not user us e the FXO port for origination) H.323 Call Con necting A nsw er Mode Case B: Hot Li ne Num ber” was assigned and t he Hot line num ber belongs to rem ote H.
38 H.323 Netw rok A dvance Con figuration Smart-QoS If this function is enabled, when V oIP call is occ urred, the other data will be autom atically reduced traffic which across the interne t in order to gu arantee the vo ice bandwidth. Bandw id th control G .
39 SIP Hunting T able: This allows gatewa y c an answer SIP ca ll from internet by Hunting. For exam ple: Port 1and Port 2 is hunting for the Port 1 SIP accoun t.
40 SIP NA T T raversal Met hod NA T T raversal Method: STUN Cl ient / Symm etric RTP Dialing Plan to SIP protocol The “ Dialing p lan ” needs s etting when the user uses the m ethod of Peer- to-Peer SIP Vo IP call or registering SIP Proxy Server Mode.
41 Example1: No rmally Dial 2290x leading ca ll out, call to Destination Dom ain Name: s ipgw .t est.com 221 leading ca ll out, call to Des tination IP Addr ess: 17 2.16.0.100 Example2: Speed Di al If user dial “101”, Gatewa y automatically dials “1234567890” to Des tination IP address: 17 2.
42 Example1: Hunt ing for FX S Port Port 1: FXS Port 2: FXS Port 3: FXS Port 4: FXS H.323 num ber “123”call inc oming, Port 1 will be ringing. If Port 1 is bus y , Port will be ringing. If Port 1 and 2 ar e busy , Po rt 3 will be ringing . If Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3 are bus y , Port 4 wil l be ringing.
43 ( Note: “081x” will be NOT register to SIP Prox y Server when Gatewa y is Regist ering SIP Prox y Server Mode) A d vance Setting to SIP protocol In Advanced Setting , GW provides user three maj.
44 SIP T elephone Advance Configuratio n Silence Comp ression If this function is enabled, when silence is occurred for a period of tim e, no data will be sent acr oss the networ k during this per iod in order to s ave bandwidth. Dial Complete T one Disable / Enab le dialing com plete tone.
45 Ring Frequenc y Y o u can conf igure how lo ng the Ring Freque ncy do you want to use. FXO Battery Rev erse Enable batter y reverse to d etect polarity from PSTN line. The PSTN line c an send SIP case: Send ing the 200 O K connect signa l to caller when d etecting polarit y reverse from PSTN Line.
46 4. Once FXO po rt receives the “SIP 200 OK” signal, FXO po rt would off-hook to answer the PSTN call. Case C: “Hot L ine Number” was setting and the Hot lin e number was ass igned to anot her FXS port in sam e Gatewa y . 1. W hen the call com fr om PSTN to FXO , FXO start the Hot line dialing to FXS port.
47 SIP Netwrok A dvance Co nfiguration Smart-QoS If this function is enabled, when V oIP call is occ urred, the other data will be autom atically reduced traffic which across the interne t in order to gu arantee the vo ice bandwidth. Bandw id th control G .
48 Chapter 5 System Admini strations Management Man agement Label Save Configuratio n You can save co nfiguration and res tart the gate way with the default conf iguration or with the current run ning configuration. Access Control Users can Sets/changes th e administrator password.
49 A cces s Control Changing th e Administrat or/Guest Passw ord For security reasons, we strongly recommend that you set an administrator/pas sword for the router.
50 Backup/Restore Configuration to a Fi le User can back up the config uration to a File at Microsoft Operat ion S y stem . And also res tore the configuration fi le to the GW f rom PC. System Information Displa y Function Click System Informat ion Displa y to o pen t he Onl ine St atus pa ge.
51 SNTP Setting Function Click SNT P setting to open the Online Status p age. In the exam ple, on the f ollowing pa ge, . Use SNTP Sett ing— when c hecked, Gate way uses a Simple Ne twork T ime Protocol (SNTP) to set the date and tim e. The Gateway s ynchronizes the G ateway’s t ime after you select the tim e zone.
52 Capture packetackets Function Use “Capturer Packets” to record Gate way packets. Y o u can start and stop the ca pture then sa ve the file to PC.
53 Appendix A F AQ Q: What is t he default adm inistrator passw ord to log in to the gatew ay? A: By default, your default username is “ admin ”, defa ult password is “ 123 ” to login to the router. For security, you should modif y the password to protect your gatewa y a gains t hacker attacks .
54 Appendix B V oice communications The chapter sho ws you the concept and com mand to help you configure your V oIP gatewa y through sample config uration.
55 FXS (Foreign ex change St ation) port The FXS port a llows the co nnection to an en d node, like teleph one , fax ma chine , or out- line of PBX system .
56 H.323 VoIP Call: Peer-To-Peer Mode Scenario 1: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 1 to Gateway 2 PLAR co nnection Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 901 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit: 3 ~3 |Des: GW 1 IP address 901 801 W AN H.
57 Scenario 2: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 1 (with PBX) to G ateway 2 PLAR c onnection Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 601 801 W AN H.323 Call ( Peer-T o-Peer Mode) with PBX: Ca ll PBX.
58 Scenario 3: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 1 (with PBX/PST N) to Gatewa y 2 PLAR con nection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 0, 12345678 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit:3~3 | Des: GW2 IP address 801 W AN H.
59 Scenario 4: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 1 (with PBX/PST N) to Gatewa y 2 PLAR con nection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02-12345678 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit: 3 ~3 |Des:GW 2 IP address Incom ing Dial Plan 801 W AN H.
60 Scenario 5: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02 - 12345678 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit: 3 ~3, Des | G W 2 IP address Incom ing Dial Plan 801 W AN H.
61 Scenario 6: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Peer-To- Peer Mode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit: 3 ~3 | Des: G W 2 IP address No: 04x | Digit: 3~10 | Des: GW 2 IP address Incom ing Dial Plan 801 W AN H.
62 Scenario 7: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Register to Gat ekeeper Gatewa y 1 to Gateway 2 PLAR co nnection Register Num ber List GW 1: 801 GW 2: 901 H.323 Call (GK Mode) Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 901 901 801 W .
63 Scenario 8: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Register to Gat ekeeper Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Call P BX extension num ber) PLAR conn ection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609 , 601 801 W AN H.
64 Scenario 9: H.32 3 VoIP C all: Register to Gat ekeeper Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number with P BX) PLAR connec tion Call Method: T wo-Stages-Dia ling Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 0, 23221344 801 W AN H.
65 Scenario 10: H.3 23 VoIP Call: Register to Gat ekeep er Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number with P BX) PLAR connec tion Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02-12345678 Incom ing Dial Plan No: 02x | Digit: 3~10 |S trip: 2 |P refix: 0, | fxo port 801 W AN H.
66 Scenario 11: H.3 23 VoIP Call: Register to Gat ekeep er Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02-12345678 Incom ing Dial Plan No: 02x | Digit: 3~10 |S trip:2 |fxo port 801 W AN H.
67 Scenario 12: H.3 23 VoIP Call: Register to Gat ekeep er Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 Incom ing Dial Plan No: 02x | Digit: 3~10 |S trip:2 |fxo port 801 W AN H.
68 SIP VoIP Call: Peer-To-Peer Mode Scenario 13: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 1 to Gateway 2 PLAR co nnection Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 901 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | Digit: 3 ~3, Des .
69 Scenario 14: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Call P BX extension num ber) PLAR conn ection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 601 Outgoing .
70 Scenario 15: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number with P BX) PLAR connec tion Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 0, 123.
71 Scenario 16: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number with P BX) PLAR connec tion Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02-12345678 Ou.
72 Scenario 17: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 02 - 12345678 Outgoing D.
73 Scenario 18: S IP VoIP Call: Pee r-To-Peer M ode Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (PST N Call PST N number) PLAR co nnection Call Method: On e-Shot-Dial ing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 Outgoing Dial p lan No: 8x | .
74 Scenario 19: S IP VoIP Call: Reg ister to SIP Proxy Server Gatewa y 1 to Gateway 2 PLAR co nnection Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 901 Register Num ber List GW 1: 801 GW 2: 901 901 801 W AN SIP Call (Regi.
75 Scenario 20: S IP VoIP Call: Reg ister to SIP Proxy Server Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Call P BX extension num ber) PLAR conn ection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gate way#1 Gateway#2 801 609, 60.
76 Scenario 21: S IP VoIP Call: Reg ister to SIP Proxy Server Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number with P BX) PLAR connec tion Call Method: T wo-Stages-Dia ling Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 60.
77 Scenario 22: S IP VoIP Call: Reg ister to SIP Proxy Server Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (Rem ote Call PSTN number) PLAR c onnection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 904, 123456.
78 Scenario 23: S IP VoIP Call: Reg ister to SIP Proxy Server Gatewa y 2 to Gateway 1 (PST N Call PST N number) PLAR co nnection Call Method: T wo-S tages- Dialing Gateway#1 Gateway#2 801 W AN SIP Cal.
79 Appendix C VIP-480 series Specif ications Product 4-Port H.323/SIP VoIP Gateway Model VIP-480 VIP-480FS VIP-480FO Hardware W AN 1 x 10/100Mbps RJ-45 port LAN 4 x 10/100Mbps RJ-45 port Voice 4 x RJ-11 c onnection ( 2 x FXS, 2 x FXO) 4 x RJ-11 connection ( 4 x FXS) 4 x RJ-11 connection ( 4 x FXO) Protocols and Standard Standard H.
80 VIP-880 series Specif ications Product 8-Port H.3 23/SIP VoIP Gateway Model VIP-880 VIP-882 VIP-880FO Hardware W AN 1 x 10/100Mbps RJ-45 port LAN 1 x 10/100Mbps RJ-45 port Voice 8 x RJ-11 c onnection ( 4 x FXS, 4 x FXO) 8 x RJ-11 connection ( 6 x FXS, 2 x FXO) 8 x RJ-11 connection ( 8 x FXO) Protocols and Standard Standard H.
Un point important après l'achat de l'appareil (ou même avant l'achat) est de lire le manuel d'utilisation. Nous devons le faire pour quelques raisons simples:
Si vous n'avez pas encore acheté Planet Technology VIP-880 Series c'est un bon moment pour vous familiariser avec les données de base sur le produit. Consulter d'abord les pages initiales du manuel d'utilisation, que vous trouverez ci-dessus. Vous devriez y trouver les données techniques les plus importants du Planet Technology VIP-880 Series - de cette manière, vous pouvez vérifier si l'équipement répond à vos besoins. Explorant les pages suivantes du manuel d'utilisation Planet Technology VIP-880 Series, vous apprendrez toutes les caractéristiques du produit et des informations sur son fonctionnement. Les informations sur le Planet Technology VIP-880 Series va certainement vous aider à prendre une décision concernant l'achat.
Dans une situation où vous avez déjà le Planet Technology VIP-880 Series, mais vous avez pas encore lu le manuel d'utilisation, vous devez le faire pour les raisons décrites ci-dessus,. Vous saurez alors si vous avez correctement utilisé les fonctions disponibles, et si vous avez commis des erreurs qui peuvent réduire la durée de vie du Planet Technology VIP-880 Series.
Cependant, l'un des rôles les plus importants pour l'utilisateur joués par les manuels d'utilisateur est d'aider à résoudre les problèmes concernant le Planet Technology VIP-880 Series. Presque toujours, vous y trouverez Troubleshooting, soit les pannes et les défaillances les plus fréquentes de l'apparei Planet Technology VIP-880 Series ainsi que les instructions sur la façon de les résoudre. Même si vous ne parvenez pas à résoudre le problème, le manuel d‘utilisation va vous montrer le chemin d'une nouvelle procédure – le contact avec le centre de service à la clientèle ou le service le plus proche.
