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This docum ent is exclus ive property of Cisc o System s, Inc. Permiss ion is granted t o print and copy this doc ument fo r noncomm ercial dist ribution and exclusive us e by instruct ors in the CCNA 2: Routers and Rout ing Basics course as part of an offic ial Cisco Net w orking Ac ademy Program .
1 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. I. Welcome Welcome to the CCNA 2 version 3.1 Instructor Guide. Cisco Worldwide Education (WWE) has developed this guide to provide a helpful resource for instructors.
2 - 238 CCNA 2 Routers and Routing Basi cs v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. One Size Does Not Fit All The Cisco Networking Academy Program serves hundreds of thousands of students in almost 150 countries.
3 - 238 CCNA 2 Routers and Routing Basi cs v3.1 Instructor Guide – Welcome Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Standard and extended access-list configuration and placement • show , debug , ping , trace , and telnet commands to verify and troubleshoot Global Community WWE instructors are members of a global co mmunity of educators.
4 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. II. Course Overview Target Audience The target audience is anyone who desires a practical and technical introduction to the field of networking.
5 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students must successfully complete the CCNA 2 course before they can achieve CCNA certification.
6 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Connect router Fast Ethernet, serial WAN, and console ports • Perform,.
7 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Course Overview Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The following changes have taken place since CCNA version 2.
8 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Teaching Guide: TI by TI Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. III. Teaching Guide for Each TI Nomenclature The CCNA curriculum uses the following hierarchy: • Course • Module • Learning objective (LO) • Target indicator (TI) For example, 3.
9 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Teaching Guide: TI by TI Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Module Logical groupings that comprise a course. Modules contain multiple lessons or LOs. Modules are also referred to as chapters.
10 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 1: WANs and Routers Overview When teaching Module 1, show the students how router configuration relates to the Internet, which is a global internetwork made possible by routers.
11 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1.1 WANs Essential labs: None Optional labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none.
12 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Memory • Interfaces However, the main purpose of a router is to route, not to compute.
13 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1.1.4 Role of Routers in a WAN There are several encapsulations associated with se.
14 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Each student should build a complete topology and then take it apart and let the next student do the lab. These labs are a review of the cabling labs in CCNA 1.
15 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • What are the different types of RAM used by a router? • Can the RAM be upgraded in a router? 1.
16 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students may not be familiar with the term out-of-band. Out-of-band refers to the fact that the management control communications use a different path or channel than the data communications.
17 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 1 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 1 Summary Before students move on to Module 2, they must be able to cable the lab setup, identify all external relevant ports, and identify internal router components.
18 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 2: Introduction to Routers Overview Consider the prior knowledge of students when teaching Module 2. Some students may be familiar with command-line interfaces (CLIs).
19 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2.1 Operating Cisco IOS Software Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can describe the purpose and fundamental operation of the router IOS.
20 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students should be able to identify the router prompts. The user mode prompt is Router> . The privileged mode prompt is Router# . 2.
21 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2.2 Starting a Router Essential Labs: 2.
22 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If a router does not boot up correctly, issue the show version command to examine the configuration register to see if it is booting.
23 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. To demonstrate the help feature, instruct students to set the clock without telling them which commands to use. The question mark (?) will guide students through the process.
24 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The syntax of IOS commands can be complex. The feature used to recall commands can help students save time when they program or troubleshoot a router.
25 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 2 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 2 Summary Before students move on to Module 3, they must be able to interact with the router through a HyperTerminal session and the CLI.
26 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 3: Configuring a Router Overview When teaching Module 3, emphasize the empowerm ent that students will gain from the ability to configure routers and the importance of familia rity with the IOS through extensive practice.
27 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Configure an interface description • Configure a message-of-the-day banner .
28 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3.1 Configure a Router Essential Labs: 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.6, and 3.1.7 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can perform, save, and test an initial configuration on a router.
29 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. be changed does not need to be specified in the command. Another advantage is that only the parameters, or objects of the mode, i.e., the interface, or routing protocol, can be modified by the command.
30 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the differences between the various passwords.
31 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • Which command will show the configuration file in NVRAM? • Which command will show the configuration file in RAM? 3.
32 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Remove the startup configuration file with the erase startup-config command.
33 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3.2 Finishing the Configuration Essential Labs: 3.
34 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. associate did not have or follow standards, then the next associate will need to analyze how the device is supposed to be connected or configured.
35 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • Which configuration mode is used to enter the description? • What are the commands to add a description to an interface? 3.
36 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Ask students the following questions: • What is a host name is associated with? • Can each unique IP address have a host name associated with it? 3.
37 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. capturing text in the router. If the file needs to be copied back to the router, it can be pasted into the router.
38 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 3 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 3 Summary Before students begin Module 4, they must be able to perform a basic router configuration in a limited amount of time and without assistance.
39 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 4: Learning about Other Devices Overview Module 4 will introduce students to the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). CDP is enabled by default on all Cisco devices.
40 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Troubleshoot remote terminal connections 4.
41 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.1.2 Information obtained with CDP CDP is used to collect information about dire ctly-connected devices. The types of information it collects are referred to as Type Length Values (TLVs).
42 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.1.3 Implementation, monitori ng, and maintenance of CDP CDP implemented by default on all interfaces that support it. The following table lists variations of the CDP command and their functions.
43 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If students have limited or no experience with the us e of Telnet to move from device to device, this concept and skill should be reviewed.
44 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Command Purpose clear cdp table Deletes information about neighbors from the CDP t.
45 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.2 Getting Information about Remote Devices Essential Labs: 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.5a, 4.2.5b, and 4.2.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can perform simple LAN troubleshooting.
46 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4.2.3 Disconnecting and su spending Telnet sessions Network administrators may need to establish multiple Telnet sessions. The keystroke Ctrl - Shift - 6 and then the letter X can be used to suspend a current Telnet session.
47 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The show sessions command output is as follows: Stanly_Lab# show sessions Conn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name 1 lab-b 192.168.10.1 4 5 lab-b 2 lab-d 192.
48 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The procedure to use the ping command is as follows: • ping IP address or name o.
49 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Show a routing table. LAB-C# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - I.
50 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 4 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 4 Summary Students must master CDP and network troubleshooting commands before they move on to Module 5 Online assessment options include the end-of-module online quiz in the curriculum and the online Module 4 exam.
51 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 5: Managing Cisco IOS Software Overview When teaching Module 5, emphasize the importance of the router boot sequence.
52 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.1 Router Boot Sequence and Verification Essential Labs: 5.
53 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. It is important to realize that these boot system commands must be saved in NVRAM to be executed at the next start-up.
54 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If the router does not boot properly, the show version command can be used to identify the configuration register setting.
55 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.2.1 IOS file system overview A router or switch requires software to operate.
56 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5.2.3 Managing configur ation files using TFTP The active configuration uses RAM and the default location for the startup configuration is NVRAM.
57 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. After the configuration has been displayed, students should select Transfer > Capture Text > Stop to stop the capture.
58 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the difference between running configuration and startup-configuration. This concept is very important. Also stress the benefits of comments in the configuration.
59 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The default console speed of 9600 bps can be used or it can be changed to 115200 bps. This will speed up the download. The console speed can be changed with the confreg command.
60 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Discuss the following alternatives with the students: • NVRAM • TFTP server • ROM Make sure the boot commands are reviewed. Stress the importance of familiarity with the bootup procedures.
61 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 5 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 5 Summary Students must be able to manage configuration files and verify the file system with show commands before they begin Module 6.
62 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 6: Routing and Routing Protocols Overview When teaching Module 6, remind students that routing refers to the directions that are given to move packets from one network to another.
63 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1 Introduction to Static Routing Essential Labs: 6.1.6 Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can identify, configure, and verify the use of static and default routes.
64 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. From Rt1 either of the following commands will work. Rt1(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 This command should be interpreted as “To reach the network 192.
65 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1.3 Configuring static routes Use the following steps to configure static routes: 1. Determine all desired destination networks, their subnet masks, and their gateways.
66 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.1.4 Configuring default route forwarding Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table.
67 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. interface Serial0/0 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast no fair-queue clockrate 56000 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192.
68 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Here are the outputs of the show interface , ping , and traceroute commands. Rt1# show interfaces s0 Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PowerQUICC Serial Internet address is 192.
69 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.2 Dynamic Routing Overview Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: All Optional TIs: none Course-Level Claim: Students can evaluate the characteristics of routing protocols.
70 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. At this point, students do not have to underst and the details of an autonomous system. They just need to understand the basic concepts of an autonomous system.
71 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. network topology information. This is measured in hop counts, or the number of routers in the path to a destination network. Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork.
72 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Certification-Level Claim: Students can evaluate the characteristics of routing protocols.
73 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6.3.4 IGP versus EGP Interior routing protocols are designed to be used in a network that is under the control of a single organization.
74 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 6 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 6 Summary Before students begin Module 7, they must be able to configure static routes and use the show ip route , ping , and traceroute commands to perform basic network testing.
75 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 7: Distance Vector Routing Protocols Overview When teaching module 7, emphasize both skills development and conceptual understanding of the routing protocols RIP and IGRP.
76 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1. Distance Vector Routing Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: Al.
77 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • When Network 1 fails, Router E sends an update to Router A. Router A stops routing packets to Network 1, but Routers B, C, and D continue to route packets because they have not yet been informed of the failure.
78 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.3 Defining a maximum count The previous section described a situation in which slow convergence created the impression that a fictitious path to a network existed, which leads to a routing loop.
79 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure [1]: Routing Update Figure [2]: Split Horizon Split horizon is another mechanism to help prevent routing loops.
80 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.5 Route poisoning Route poisoning is another process used by routers to prevent routing loops. Briefly review the fact that routing loops are typically the result of slow convergence.
81 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.1.7 Preventing routing loops with holddow n timers Holddown timers are used to prevent update messages from reinstating inaccessible routes.
82 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.2.1 RIP routing process RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses hop count as the metric for path selection. By default, the maximum hop count for RIP is 15 and routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds.
83 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.2.3 Using the ip classless command The ip classless command allows packets that are bound for an unknown subnet to be routed out the same interface as other known subnets in the same range of addresses.
84 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. command. The RIP version can also be changed with the version [1 | 2] router configuration command. Other variations of this command may be placed on the interface to specify which version of packets to send and receive.
85 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 219.17.100.0 in 1 hops 199.6.13.0 in 1 hops 210.
86 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. This does not consider the bandwidth of each link. So while load balancing may allow packets to travel multiple paths to reach a destination, huge bandwidth differences among equal-cost paths could actually slow throughput.
87 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7.3.1 IGRP features IGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance-vector interior gateway routing protocol. Distance vector routing protocols mathematically compare routes to determine the best path.
88 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The lower the metric is, the better the route. Make sure that students understand that the default metrics for IGRP are bandwidth and delay.
89 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The debug ip igrp events command can be used to verify that the timers affect routing updates. Have the students configure IGRP on the lab topology.
90 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. the networks advertised, timer values, and other routing protocol-specific information.
91 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 7 Summary Before students begin Module 8, they must be able to configure and troubleshoot RIP and IGRP by themselves.
92 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 7 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • How to migrate RIP to IGRP • How to verify IGRP configuration • How to tro.
93 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 8: TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages Overview The main goal of Module 8 is for students to learn how the IP protocol uses the ICMP protocol to provide control messages to hosts on a network.
94 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1 Overview of TCP/IP Error Message Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TIs: 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.1.5, 8.1.6, and 8.1.8 Optional TIs: 8.
95 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1.4 Unreachable networks Network communications depend on certain basic conditions: • The sending and receiving devices must have the TCP/IP protocol configured.
96 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.1.7 Echo messages ICMP message formats have three fields: • Type • Code • Checksum The type field indicates the type of ICMP message that is sent.
97 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8.2 TCP/IP Suite Control Messages Essential Labs: None Optional Labs: None Core TI.
98 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • The route for the redirect is not another ICMP redirect or a default route. • The router is configured to send redirects. Make sure students understand default gateways.
99 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. process begins when the host sends a multicast router solicitation message to all routers with the address 224.
100 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 8 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 8 Summary Before students begin Module 9, they should know where to look for many of the error messages they may encounter.
101 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 9: Basic Router Troubleshooting Overview When teaching Module 9, emphasize the fact that the ability to interpret a routing table is of fundamental importance to networking professionals.
102 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.1 Examining the Routing Table Essential Labs: 9.
103 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. An administrator can use two different commands to configure default routes: • ip route 0.
104 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Explain administrative distances to the student s. The administrative distance represents the trustworthiness of the source of a route.
105 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.1.9 Observing multiple paths to destination Some routing protocols support multiple paths to the same destination. Multipath algorithms permit traffic over multiple lines, provide better throughput, and are more reliable.
106 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.2.3 Testing by OSI lay ers Testing should begin with Layer 1 of the OSI model and work to Layer 7 if necessary. The ping command is used at Layer 3.
107 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9.3 Troubleshooting Router Issues Overview Essential Labs: 9.
108 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. This is an important concept for the students to understand to help in the troubleshooting process.
109 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. the troubleshooting process. Students need to realize that there is a lot of output that will be completely unfamiliar to them.
110 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 9 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 9 Summary Before students begin Module 10, they must be able to read and interpret a routing table and must have mastered a range of IOS commands for troubleshooting.
111 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Intermediate TCP/IP Overview Module 10 is a good place to have the student compare IP and TCP.
112 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.1 TCP Operation Essential Labs: 10.
113 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3. The source host responds with a simple acknowledgement of y + 1 to indicate that it received the previous ACK. This finalizes the connection process.
114 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.1.5 Sequencing numbers Since TCP breaks data into segments, the receiver must reassemble the data segments once all of the data is received.
115 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. UDP is often used for applications and services such as real-time audio and video. These applications require less overhead. They also do not need to be resequenced since packets that arrive late or out of order have no value.
116 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.2.2 Ports for services Services that are used on hosts must have a port numbers assigned so communication can occur. Some ports are reserved in both TCP and UDP.
117 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 10.2.5 Example of multiple sessions between hosts Port numbers are used to track multiple sessions that occur between hosts. The port number combined with the network address forms a socket.
118 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 10 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10 Summary Before students begin Module 11, they must be able to compare and contrast the roles of MAC addresses, IP addresses, and port numbers.
119 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 11: Access Control List (ACLs) Overview When teaching Module 11, emphasize the importance of access control lists (ACLs).
120 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.1.1 Introduction to ACLs ACLs are lists of conditions that are applied to traffic that travels across a router interface. These lists tell the router what types of packets to accept or deny.
121 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. If all the ACL statements are unmatched, an implic it "deny any" statement is placed at the end of the list by default.
122 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A.B.C.D Wildcard bits log Log matches against this entry <cr> rt1(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.
123 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.1.4 The function of a wildcard mask A wildcard mask is paired with an IP address. The binary numbers one and zero in the mask are used to identify how the corresponding IP address bits should be handled.
124 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. To test an ACL, the students will need to know what traffic will be permitted, denied, and the path. Have students test for connectivity, apply the ACL, and then check the ACL to see if it works.
125 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.2.2 Extended ACLs Extended ACLs are used more often than standard ACLs because they provide a greater range of control.
126 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. precedence Match packets with given precedence value psh Match on the PSH bit ra.
127 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Then enter extended or standard : rt1(config)# ip access-list extended ? <100.
128 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 11.2.6 Restricting virtual terminal access Standard and extended access lists apply to packets that travel through a router. They are not designed to block packets that originate within the router.
129 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Module 11 Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 11 Summary Before students take the final exam, they should have mastered the configuration and placement of standard and extended IP access-lists.
130 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. IV. Case Study Overview and Objectives This case study allows students to complete a network design, implementation, and troubleshooting project using the skills gained in CCNA 2.
131 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Scenario and Phase 1: Project Description A company has several people responsible for maintaining various sections of the internetwork infrastructure.
132 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 2: IP Addressing Now that the basic plan is in place, the team leader assigns the technician to develop a prototype for the new internetwork.
133 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 3: Basic Router and Workstation Configuration After the team leader inspects the prototype cabling, the technician is assigned to create a basic configuration on the router and workstations.
134 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz Center Eva * Host Table - contains all routers and servers Message of the.
135 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 4: Access Control Lists While testing the network, the team leader discovers that security has not been planned for the network.
136 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network In order to support the network properly, documentation is required. Create documentation that is logically organized to make troubleshooting simpler.
137 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study Deliverables The key lesson of this case study is the importance of thorough and clear documentation. There should be two types of documentation completed.
138 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • show ip interface • show version • show hosts • show startup-config .
139 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study – Instructor Notes Phase 1: Project Description This phase of the case study can begin early in the semester, as students should be familiar with subnetting.
140 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • The concept of reserved address space for routers, servers, and hosts • .
141 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Case Study – Instructor Sample Outputs Phase 5: Documenting the Network – .
142 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol Ethernet0 172.16.96.1 YES manual up up Serial0 172.
143 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Boaz# show startup-config Using 1090 out of 32762 bytes ! version 11.
144 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Boaz (2500) Boaz# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 172.
145 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. deny tcp 172.16.96.0 0.0.31.255 any eq telnet deny icmp 172.
146 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network – Sample outputs Centre (2500) Configuratio.
147 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Centre# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 3000 Software (IGS-J-L), Version 11.1(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
148 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0 description Centre WAN interface to Boaz ip address 172.16.64.1 255.255.224.0 no fair-queue clockrate 56000 ! interface Serial1 description Centre WAN interface to Eva ip address 172.
149 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Centre (2500) Centre# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 172.
150 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is enabled Outgoing ac.
151 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Phase 5: Documenting the Network – Sample outputs Eva (2500) Configuration M.
152 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Image text-base: 0x0303794C, data-base: 0x00001000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE ROM: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.
153 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Eva# show startup-config Using 1156 out of 32762 bytes ! version 11.
154 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Security Management documentation – Eva (2500) Eva# show ip interface Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is down Internet address is 172.
155 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Case Stud y Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. permit ip 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 (225 matches) deny tcp 172.16.160.0 0.0.31.255 any eq telnet deny icmp 172.
156 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendices Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. V. Appendices: A) Cisco Online Tools and Utilities B) Instructional Best Practi.
157 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Appendix A: Cisco Online Tools and Utilities Cisco Systems offer a wide range of online documents and tools to assist in the configuration, troubleshooting, and optimization of routers and switches.
158 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1 Output Interpreter Output Interpreter is a Web-based application that provides a troubleshooting analysis and a course of action for a router, switch, or PIX device.
159 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2 Error Message Decoder Explanations for console error message strings are listed in the Cisco Software System Messages guide. http://www.
160 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3 Software Bug Toolkit The Software Bug Toolkit is a Web-based resource that is used to search for software bugs based on version and feature sets.
161 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4 IP Subnet Calculator IP Subnet Calculator is a Web-based resource that is used to calculate the subnet mask based on several variables.
162 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 5 Password Recovery Procedures This Web page is the source for Cisco password recovery procedures. The password recovery procedure for every Cisco device can be found here.
163 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 6 TAC Case Collection The TAC Case Collection, is an evolution of the Troubleshooting Assistant tool.
164 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7 Software Advisor The Software Advisor helps users choose the appropriate software for network devices.
165 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8 Feature Navigator II Cisco Feature Navigator II is a Web-based application that allows users to quickly find the right Cisco IOS Software release for the features they want to run on their networks.
166 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix A Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. 9 TAC Advanced Search TAC Advanced Search can be used to access the same resources used by TAC.
167 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Appendix B: Instructional Best Practices B.
168 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links International Society for Technology in Education: http://www.iste.org/ Southeast Center for Teaching Quality: http://www.
169 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Planning and designing learning environments and experiences • Teaching, .
170 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links National Council for Teachers of English: http://www.ncte.org/standards/standards.shtml Council for Teachers of Math: http://www.
171 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.4 TIMSS report Figure 1: TIMSS Report Participating Countries The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) indicate how U.
172 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Third International Math and Science Study: http://isc.bc.edu/timss1999benchmark.html TIMSS International Study Center: http://timss.
173 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students will also assign roles and identify jobs that need to be completed for the benefit of the group.
174 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Bodily/Kinesthetic intelligence gives students a strong connection to new content through the movement and manipulation of body and external objects.
175 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.7 Inquiry-based learning Figure 1: Inquiry Based Learning When people uncover uncertain, curious, or interesting phenomena in life, questions naturally arise that encourage quests for answers.
176 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Big Rocks and Powerful Kingdoms Personal Learning in Science and Social Studies: http://www.ascd.org/readingroom/classlead/9911/2nov99.
177 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Be sensitive to background noise in the lab.
178 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.1.9 Learning disabilities Figure 1: Learning Disabilities Instructors will probably have a few students with learning disabilities in their classes.
179 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Use visual advance organizers to introduce new concepts, analyze, and synthesize levels of comprehension. Organizers prepare the brain for the arrival of new content.
180 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2 Lab-Centric Instruction B.2.1 CCNA labs The CCNA curriculum teaches students how to plan, design, install, operate, and troubleshoot TCP/IP, Ethernet, routed, and switched networks with some remote connectivity.
181 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The required lab equipment for CCNA 4 includes workstations, hubs, switches, and routers. Optional WAN simulation equipment is also recommended.
182 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.2 CCNP labs Figure 1: CCNP Labs The CCNP curriculum teaches students how to plan, design, install, operate, and troubleshoot enterprise-level TCP/IP, Ethernet, routed, and switched networks with substantial remote access.
183 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Implement advanced IP address management techniques • Configure and test .
184 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.3 NETLAB Figure 1: NETLA B Many educators are interested in remote access to shared lab equipment to give students more access to hands-on experiences.
185 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Students will usually access the equipment in the evening or on the weekends from their homes or another location with Internet access.
186 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.4 Simulations Figure 1: Simulations Research indicates that learning is more ext ensive when content is interactive and provides instant feedback.
187 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Simulation – The third level is called simulation. This is the most open-ended environment. This level is not scripted. Therefore, it supports a wide variety of hardware and software behavior.
188 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 2: Sponsored Curriculum Labs Figure 3: Sponsored Curriculum Labs.
189 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The six sponsored curricula also require dedicated labs and a variety of hardware and software.
190 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Laboratory safety • On-the-job safety • Working effectively in group en.
191 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. longer delivery model or some pre-selection and screening of students. About half of the course time is spent on the instructor-facilitated online multimedia material and the rest is spent on lab exercises.
192 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.6 Emerging technologies Figure 1: PIX Firewall PhotoZoom Figure 2: IP Phone.
193 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 3: Wireless L AN In the future, new technologies such as network security, IP telephony, and wireless LANs may be the basis for Academy courses.
194 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.2.7 Troubleshooting Figure 1: Steps in the Problem -Solving Model Troubleshooting is a form of educational inquiry that is necessary in most Academy courses, even if it is not formally taught.
195 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Provide opportunities for students to practice diagnosis and repair Web Links Teaching Methods Web Resources: http://www.mhhe.
196 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3 Project-based Instruction B.
197 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A NetDay occurs when a community volunteers time to wire a school.
198 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.2 Design activities Figure 1: Dartmouth Problem-Solv ing Cycle Design is an iterative process that starts with brainstorming.
199 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. students will be able to use the lessons learned from failed problem-solving attempts to save time when they try to solve new problems.
200 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.3 Brainstorming Figure 1: Cluster Diagram Brainstorming techniques can be useful for teaching IT curriculum.
201 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. SCAMPER involves a series of questions related to a new process or concept.
202 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.4 Case studies Figure 1: Case Studi es Case study teaching methods have become more im portant in many professions such as law, medicine, and business.
203 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Use of Master Classroom Technology to Implement a Case Study Approach to Learning: http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/papers96/MASTER.
204 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.3.5 Web research Figure 1: Cisco.com The Internet has a tremendous amount of resources for people who want to understand or install networks.
205 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4 Instructional Strategies B.4.1 Instructor-led classrooms Figure 1: Instructor-Led Classrooms The instructor-led style of instruction is currently the most commonly used approach.
206 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Studies have found that relatively short, engaging lectures that include demonstrations are excellent adjuncts to the online curriculum and lab activities.
207 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.2 Self-paced instruction Academy courses implement self-paced instruction and learning strategies. In self-paced instruction, students learn new content at a speed of comprehension that best fits their learning style.
208 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.3 Cooperative/collaborative work Cooperative work occurs when students work in groups for extended periods of time. Students work together for the benefit of all group members.
209 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. The student roles within the group may be formal and assigned, or informal and unassigned. A formal or assigned role may be a leader, a speaker, a note taker, a summarizer, or a timekeeper.
210 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Student-led discussions • Demonstrations • Presentations Web Links Teaching Strategies: Group Work and Cooperative Learning: http://www.
211 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.4 Jigsaws Figure 1: Jigsaw Puzzle The teaching and learning strategy known as the expert jigsaw was configured by Elliot Aronson in the late 1970s.
212 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.5 Ask the right questions Figure 1: Ask the Right Questions In classrooms and labs across the United States, students are typically given questions that test their low-level and high-level cognitive abilities.
213 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. second to beyond 3 seconds, the following si gnificant improvements in classroo.
214 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.6 PMI Figure 1: PMI Many of the best instructional strategies help students think about their thought processes, or engage in metacognition.
215 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.7 Graphic organizers Figure 1: Cluster Diagram Figure 2: Problem-Solv ing M.
216 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 3: Flowchart Figure 4: Block Diagrams.
217 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 5: Extended Star Topology in a Multi-Building Campus Figure 6: Main Buil.
218 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 7: Digital Signal Figure 8: Spectrum Diagram of a Voltage vers us Freque.
219 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 9: Data Encapsulation Figure 10: Ethernet and IEEE 802.
220 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Figure 11: Local Area Netw o rks and Devices Figure 12: Wid e Area Netw orks and Devices Advanced organizers can be used to tap into the prior knowledge of students.
221 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Cluster diagrams help students generate and organize thoughts. When students brainstorm, a question or concept is put in the center of a cluster and all of their ideas are added to the cluster.
222 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Collision • AC • DC • RFI • EMI • Encoding • Transmission errors Web Links David Ausubel: Advance Organizers http://chd.
223 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.8 Setting goals Students perform well when they have a plan and access to the necessary resources. The research on goal setting and its impact on learning is impressive.
224 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.4.9 Kinesthetic activities Figure 1: Kinesthetic Activ ities Figure 2: Kinest.
225 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. A kinesthetic activity refers to the movement of the body to act out or communicate something. The kinesthetic activities in this section demonstrate the networking process.
226 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5 Assessment Strategies B.5.1 Review strategies Most lessons contain review questions that pertain to content from the previous lesson.
227 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.2 Journals and reflection An effective evaluation practice for students is to write in journals and reflect on academic experiences.
228 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. • Progress Throughout the year, students should review their reflections and acknowledge the growth in their comprehension.
229 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Student Reflection Questions: http://pblmm.
230 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.3 Rubrics Figure 1: Grading Rubric Sample Another good instructional practice is the use of rubrics as a form of assessment.
231 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Rubrics that are developed by both students and teachers can help students organize and prepare for learning through advance knowledge of their assessment expectations.
232 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.4 Portfolio A portfolio is an example of authentic assessment. As students complete major presentations or networking projects, they save them in a portfolio.
233 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.5 Oral exams Figure 1: Oral Exams Figure 2: Oral Exams.
234 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Well-planned oral examinations can be powerful learning experiences for students. Careful preparation can minimize the intimidation that is felt by some students.
235 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.6 Lab exams Figure 1: Lab Exam s Lab exams are also known as skills exams. These exams give students an opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge of cable and router configuration.
236 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. Web Links Certification Magazine: http://www.
237 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. B.5.7 Six lenses Figure 1: Six Lenses In any learning endeavor, certain lenses are indispensable to ensure a high quality experience for students.
238 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B Copyright © 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. As instructors work through this orientation they are encouraged to revisit these essential questions. In this section, Cisco presented some useful content, tools, and perspectives.
Un point important après l'achat de l'appareil (ou même avant l'achat) est de lire le manuel d'utilisation. Nous devons le faire pour quelques raisons simples:
Si vous n'avez pas encore acheté Cisco Systems CCNA 2 c'est un bon moment pour vous familiariser avec les données de base sur le produit. Consulter d'abord les pages initiales du manuel d'utilisation, que vous trouverez ci-dessus. Vous devriez y trouver les données techniques les plus importants du Cisco Systems CCNA 2 - de cette manière, vous pouvez vérifier si l'équipement répond à vos besoins. Explorant les pages suivantes du manuel d'utilisation Cisco Systems CCNA 2, vous apprendrez toutes les caractéristiques du produit et des informations sur son fonctionnement. Les informations sur le Cisco Systems CCNA 2 va certainement vous aider à prendre une décision concernant l'achat.
Dans une situation où vous avez déjà le Cisco Systems CCNA 2, mais vous avez pas encore lu le manuel d'utilisation, vous devez le faire pour les raisons décrites ci-dessus,. Vous saurez alors si vous avez correctement utilisé les fonctions disponibles, et si vous avez commis des erreurs qui peuvent réduire la durée de vie du Cisco Systems CCNA 2.
Cependant, l'un des rôles les plus importants pour l'utilisateur joués par les manuels d'utilisateur est d'aider à résoudre les problèmes concernant le Cisco Systems CCNA 2. Presque toujours, vous y trouverez Troubleshooting, soit les pannes et les défaillances les plus fréquentes de l'apparei Cisco Systems CCNA 2 ainsi que les instructions sur la façon de les résoudre. Même si vous ne parvenez pas à résoudre le problème, le manuel d‘utilisation va vous montrer le chemin d'une nouvelle procédure – le contact avec le centre de service à la clientèle ou le service le plus proche.
